Solid-electrolytes

Matsumoto M, Miyazaki H, Matsuhiro K, Kumashiro Y, Takaoka Y (1996) A dye sensitized Ti02 photoelectrochemical cell constructed with polymer solid electrolyte. Solid State Ionics 89 263-267... 

Figure 5.4 Atomistic model of the electrochemical half-cell, showing the electrode/electrolyte interface (xi < x < X2), which is connected to the hulk electrode and electrolyte (reservoirs). The lower panel indicates the electrostatic potential within the electrode and the bulk electrolyte (solid lines), and possible shapes for the potential drop between them (dashed lines).

Figure 14.9 CO bulk electro-oxidation at bare Ru(OOOl) in flow cell dotted line, CO fi ee electrolyte solid lines flow of CO saturated electrolyte, with varied upper scan limits (see key on flgure). (See color insert.)...

Potential differences at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) are typical Galvani potential differences and cannot be measured directly. However, their existence follows from the properties of the electrical double layer at the ITIES (Section 4.5.3) and from the kinetics of charge transfer across the ITIES (Section 5.3.2). By means of potential differences at the ITIES or at the aqueous electrolyte-solid electrolyte phase boundary (Eq. 3.1.23), the phenomena occurring at the membranes of ion-selective electrodes (Section 6.3) can be explained. 

Inaba, H. Tagawa, H. 1996. Ceria-based solid electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 83 1-16. 

Liu J and Barnett SA. Thin yttrium-stabilized zirconia electrolyte solid oxide fuel cells by centrifugal casting. J Am Ceram Soc 2002 85 3096-3098. 

Xu X, Xia C, Xiao G, and Peng D. Fabrication and performance of functionally graded cathodes for IT-SOFCs based on doped ceria electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 2005 176 1513-1520. 

Xu X, Jiang Z, Fan X, and Xia C. LSM-SDC electrodes fabricated with an ion-impregnating process for SOFCs with doped ceria electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 2006 177 2113-2117. 

Higuchi, E., Uchida, H., Fujinami, T., and Watanabe, M. Gas diffusion electrodes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells using borosiloxane electrolytes. Solid State Ionics 2004 171 45-49. 

Leninivin, C. 2003. Elaboration et validation de derives polyparaphenylene sub-stitu suHonfe comme electrolyte solide pour piles a combustible a membrane hangeuse de protons. Ph.D. Dissertation, Poitiers University, France. 

Although the literature on electrodeposited electroactive and passivating polymers is vast, surprisingly few studies exist on the solid-state electrical properties of such films, with a focus on systems derived from phenolic monomers, - and apparently none exist on the use of such films as solid polymer electrolytes. To characterize the nature of ultrathin electrodeposited polymers as dielectrics and electrolytes, solid-state electrical measurements are made by electrodeposition of pofy(phenylene oxide) and related polymers onto planar ITO or Au substrates and then using a two-electrode configuration with a soft ohmic contact as the top electrode (see Figure 27). Both dc and ac measurements are taken to determine the electrical and ionic conductivities and the breakdown voltage of the film. 

Much of the recent research in solid state chemistry is related to the ionic conductivity properties of solids, and new electrochemical cells and devices are being developed that contain solid, instead of liquid, electrolytes. Solid-state batteries are potentially useful because they can perform over a wide temperature range, they have a long shelf life, it is possible to make them very small, and they are spill-proof We use batteries all the time—to start cars, in toys, watches, cardiac pacemakers, and so on. Increasingly we need lightweight, small but powerful batteries for a variety of uses such as computer memory chips, laptop computers, and mobile phones. Once a primary battery has discharged, the reaction cannot be reversed and it has to be thrown away, so there is also interest in solid electrolytes in the production of secondary or storage batteries, which are reversible because once the chemical reaction has taken place the reactant concentrations can be... 

Figure 6.19. Experimental cyclic voltammograms of carbon-supported high surface area nanoparticle electrocatalysts in deaerated perchloric acid electrolyte. Solid curve pure Pt dashed curve Pt5oCo5o alloy electrocatalyst. Inset blow up of the peak potential region of Pt—OH and Pt— formation. Scan rate 100 mV/s. Potentials are referenced with respect to the reversible hydrogen electrode potential (RHE).

A solid state galvanic cell consists of electrodes and the electrolyte. Solid electrolytes are available for many different mobile ions (see Section 15.3). Their ionic conductivities compare with those of liquid electrolytes (see Fig. 15-8). Under load, galvanic cells transport a known amount of component from one electrode to the other. Therefore, we can predetermine the kinetic boundary condition for transport into a solid (i.e., the electrode). By using a reference electrode we can simultaneously determine the component activity. The combination of component transfer and potential determination is called coulometric titration. It is a most useful method for the thermodynamic and kinetic investigation of compounds with narrow homogeneity ranges. For example, it has been possible to measure in a... 

G. Ch. Kostogloudis, Ch. Ftikos, A. Ahmad-Khanlou, A. Naoumidis, D. Stover, Chemical compatibility of alternative perovskite oxide SOFC cathodes with doped lanthanum gallate solid electrolyte , Solid State Ionics 134,127-138 (2000). 

The relationship between the five peroxide mechanism reaction steps can be seen in the reaction mechanism graph in Figure 4. As defined above, each step occurs at one of the five nodes, and the directed edges give the forward direction for the mechanism. Current-carriers for the overall mechanism are in boxes, while carbonate ions that continue from one cycle to the next are circled. Dashed vertical lines represent interfaces between phases. Nodes on the gas-electrolyte interface represent reaction steps occurring at that interface nodes attached to the electrolyte-solid interface represent reaction steps occurring at sites on the surface of the solid phase. The location of each reaction on this reaction mechanism graph follows the description of the... 

The reaction route graphs, however, do have certain limitations. It is not in general possible, for example, to depict the physical location of the various reactions and species. It is not easy to distinguish on reaction route graphs that the peroxide ions, which must move across the electrolyte in the peroxide mechanism, exist only on the phase interfaces (gas-electrolyte and electrolyte-solid) in the superoxide-peroxide mechanism. This depiction is one of the strong points for reaction mechanism graphs. 

Solid-Acid Electrolytes and Hydrogen Fuel Cells Fuel cells are an alternative method of generating energy however, advances need to be made in the electrolytes to improve the efficiency. This module examines one new class of electrolytes—solid acids. 

Hydroxyquinolino)antimony(V) choride has been obtained as a orange colour hygroscopic monomeric non-electrolyte solid by the reaction of antimony(V) chloride and 8-hydroxyquinoline in CCV84. On the basis of UV, IR and H NMR data, an hexacoor-dinated geometry has been suggested. 

Cesium-conducting solid electrolyte -> solid electrolyte... 

Oxygen anion conductors solid electrolyte Oxygen, chemisorbed - chemisorption of oxygen Oxygen conducting solid electrolyte - solid electrolyte... 

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