Solid polymer electrolyte fuel

A membrane ionomer, in particular a polyelectrolyte with an inert backbone such as Nation . They require a plasticizer (typically water) to achieve good conductivity levels and are associated primarily, in their protonconducting form, with solid polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. 

Thamizhmani G, Capuano GA. 1994. Improved electrocatal)Tic oxygen reduction performance of platinum ternary alloy-oxide in solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cells. J Electrochem Soc 141 968-975. 

Arico AS, Creti P, Antonucci PL, Antonucci V. 1998. Comparison of ethanol and methanol oxidation in a liquid-feed solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell at high temperature. Electrochem Sol Lett 1 66-68. 

Stonehart P. 1994. The role of electrocatalysis in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells. In Drake JAG, editor. Electrochemistry and Clean Energy. Cambridge The Royal Society of Chemistry. 

Dawn M. Bernard , "Water-Balance Calculations for Solid-Polymer-Electrolyte Fuel Cells," Journal of Electrochemical Society, Vol. 137, No. 11, November 1990. 

Raistrick, I. D. Electrode assembly for use in a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell, US Patent 4,876,115, 1989. 

Scott, K., Kraemer, S., and Sundmacher, K. Gas and liquid mass transport in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells. Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series 1999 11-20. 

P. Staiti, Z. Poltarzewski, V. Alderucci, G. Maggio, and N. Giordano. Solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell (SPEFG) research and development at the institute CNR-TAE of Messina. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 19 (1994) 523-527. 

Maggio, G., Recupero, V. and Mantegazza, C. (1996) Modelling of temperature distribution in a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell stack, Journal of Power Sources 62, 167-174. 

Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Here, there is no apparent liquid solution, or high-temperature ionic conductor. The usual ionic solution between the electrodes is replaced by a well-humidified membrane made of a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer that conducts protons. 

The solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell is that on which the most development work was done in the 1990s because of its projected use in the development of an electrochemical engine for cars. The absence of a bulk liquid component while keeping to temperatures of 80 °C if pure H2 or H2 produced from methanol or gasoline on board a vehicle is available, signifies a great advantage. Conversely, the acid environment needs Pt. 

The description given here is a basic outline of the principles of the solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell used in the first Gemini space flights with nonfluorinated membranes (Fig. 13.23). Because the cell is slated for development as part of the electrochemical engine in cars, stages in its modern development are described in another section. 

Fig- 13.29. Distribution of particle sizes in 10 wt. % Pt-C electrocatalyst. Particle sizes are average diameters. (Reprinted from E. A. Ti-cianelli, M. N. Beery, and S. Srinivasan, Dependence of Performance of Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells with Low Platinum Loading on Morphologic Characteristics of the Electrodes, J. Appl. Electrochem. 21 601 copyright 1991, Fig. 9. 

In this book the focus is on PEMFCs therefore, in the following sections we will only discuss several major types of PEMFCs, such as H2/air (02) fuel cells, direct liquid fuel cells, PAFCs, and alkaline fuel cells. PEMFCs, also called solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells, use a polymer electrolyte membrane as the electrolyte. They are low-temperature fuel cells, generally operating below 300°C. 

Bemardi DM, Verbrugge MW (1992) A mathematical model of the solid-polymer-electrolyte fuel cell. J Electrochem Soc 139 2477-91... 

Fig. 23. Schematic illustrations for solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell and composite electrode with Pt catalyst, carbon conducting material, and binding polymer material.

Neng You Jia, 2001, Method for Activating a Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell. UK Patent Application, GB 2,362,500. 

The idea of using an ion-conductive polymeric membrane as a gas-electron barrier in a fuel cell was first conceived by William T. Grubb, Jr. (General Electric Company) in 1955. - In his classic patent, Grubb described the use of Amber-plex C-1, a cation exchange polymer membrane from Rohm and Haas, to build a prototype H2-air PEM fuel cell (known in those days as a solid-polymer electrolyte fuel cell). Today, the most widely used membrane electrolyte is DuPont s Nation... 

S. Srinivasan, D.J. Manko, H. Koch, M.A. Enayetullah, and A.J. Applehy. Recent advances in solid polymer electrolyte fuel-cell technology with low platinum loading electrodes. Journal of Power Sources 29, 367-387 1990. 

Solid Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell Systems... 

SOLID POLYMER ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL SYSTEMS... 

The PEMFC is also referred to as a polymer electrolyte fuel cell or solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell. A schematic drawing ofa single PEMFC is shown in Figure 10.1. In this system, hydrogen fuel supplied to the anode reacts electrochemically atthe electrode... 

Ontario s Energy Ministry launched a 600,000 (Canadian dollars) program for first tests of a novel fuel cell, a solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell developed by Ballard Technologies and Dow Canada. 

Recently, Dahr [1], Stonehart [2] and Watanabe [3] have made an attempt to reduce the humidification constraints in solid polymer electrolyte fuel cells (SPEFCs) by using modified perfluorosulfonic membranes. A recast Nafion film sandwiched between the two electrodes was first proposed by Dahr [1] for the realization of an internally humidified SPEFC. Stonehart [2] suggested the inclusion of small amounts of silica powder into the recast film in order to retain the electrochemically produeed water inside the membrane. Watanabe et al [3] have tried to exploit the H2/O2 crossover through the membrane to produce a chemical recombination to water on small Pt clusters inside the membrane. All of these membranes were operated with H2/O2 at 80°C and allowed the development of systems without assisted humidification or with near ambient humidification. 

SPEFC solid polymer electrolyte fuel cell (same as PEMFC)... 

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