Electrolysis of gases

The electrolysis of gases is much more complicated than the electrolysis of electrolytes in solution. In the latter case Faraday s law applies with exactness, one univalent ion reacting for each electron passing through the electrical circuit connected to the electrodes. The situation is simple because the only chemical reaction involved is that which takes place at the electrodes and all the electrons are measured by the ammeter in the circuit. In the electrolysis of gases, however, there is usually no simple relation between the current and the amount of chemical reaction because most of the reaction takes place out in the body of the discharge away from the electrodes. Many of the ions and electrons involved in the reaction recombine and never reach the electrodes. The... 

Perfilyev, M.V., Demin, A.K., Kuzin, B.L. and Lipilin, A.S. (1988) High-Temperature Electrolysis of Gases, Nauka, Moscow. 

Perfiliev, M.F. et al.. High-temperature electrolysis of gases, Moscow, Science Publishing, 1988, 232. 

High-Temperature Electrolysis of Gases M.V. Perfiliev, A.K. Demin,... 

The first monograph Electrochemistry of Solid Electrolytes, written by Perfil yev and coauthored by Qiebotin, was published in 1978. This fundamental work summarized the experimental data and theoretical concepts of the electrochemistry in sohd electrolytes. In 1984, this monograph has been published in the USA. His second mraiograph High-Temperature Electrolysis of Gases was published in 1988 in coauthorship with members of his laboratory. 

Perfilyev MV, Demin AK, Kuzin BL, Lipilin AS (1988) High-temperature electrolysis of gases. Nauka, Moscow... 

Since 1960, about 95% of the synthetic ammonia made in the United States has been made from natural gas worldwide the proportion is about 85%. Most of the balance is made from naphtha and other petroleum Hquids. Relatively small amounts of ammonia are made from hydrogen recovered from coke oven and refinery gases, from electrolysis of salt solutions, eg, caustic chlorine production, and by electrolysis of water. In addition there are about 20 ammonia plants worldwide that use coal as a hydrogen source. 

Similar considerations apply of course to the opposing electromotive forces of polarisation during electrolysis, when the process is executed reversibly, since an electrolytic cell is, as we early remarked, to be considered as a voltaic cell working in the reverse direction. In this way Helmholtz (ibid.) was able to explain the fluctuations of potential in the electrolysis of water as due to the variations of concentration due to diffusion of the dissolved gases. It must not be forgotten, however, that peculiar phenomena—so-called supertension effects—depending on the nature of the electrodes, make their appearance here, and com-... 

Self-Test 4.13B Students collecting hydrogen and oxygen gases by electrolysis of water failed to separate the two gases. If the total pressure of the dry mixture is i 720. Torr, what is the partial pressure of each gas ... 

In an individual molten carbamide, the electrode processes are feebly marked at melt decomposition potentials because of its low electrical conductivity. Both electrode processes are accompanied by gas evolution (NH3, CO, C02, N2) and NH2CN (approximately) is formed in melt. In eutectic carbamide-chloride melts electrode processes take place mainly independently of each other. The chlorine must evolve at the anode during the electrolysis of carbamide - alkali metal and ammonium chloride melts, which were revealed in the electrolysis of the carbamide-KCl melt. But in the case of simultaneous oxidation of carbamide and NH4CI, however, a new compound containing N-Cl bond has been found in anode gases instead of chlorine. It is difficult to fully identify this compound by the experimental methods employed in the present work, but it can be definitely stated that... 

Aluminum is produced commercially by the electrolysis of cryolite, Na3AlF6, but bauxite, A1203, is the usual naturally occurring source of the metal. The oxide is a widely used catalyst which has surface sites that function as a Lewis acid. A form of the oxide known as activated alumina has the ability to adsorb gases and effectively remove them. Other uses of the oxide include ceramics, catalysts, polishing compounds, abrasives, and electrical insulators. 

Cerium is separated from other rare-earth elements by an ion-exchange process in which it reacts with fluoride. This compound is then reduced with calcium metal (3Ca +2CeF — 2Ce + 3CaFj). Cerium can also be produced by the electrolysis of molten cerium salts. The metal ion collects at the cathode, and the chlorine or fluorine gases of the salt compound at the anode. 

Faroday, Michael (1791—1867). A Brit chemist and physicist noted for liquefaction of gases, the effect of electric current on the magnetic needle, electrolysis, and as discoverer of benzene. He also introduce d the law stating that the wt of an ion deposited electrolyti-cally is proportional to the strength of the current passing thru the soln... 

Forms fluorides with most elements, except the inert gases. Occurs widely distributed to the extent 0.03% of the earth crust. The chief minerals are fluorapatite cryolite and fluorspar. Can be obtd by electrolysis of molten anhydrous hydrofluoric acid-potassium fluoride melts with special Co-bearing carbon anodes, steel cathodes containers and monel screens. Available in special steel cylinders, both as a liquid and as compressed gas... 

When an aqueous solution of either Na2S04 or H2SO4 is electrolyzed, H2 and O2 gases are collected at the electrodes. In the process of electrolysis of water, H2... 

Hydroxide. Potassium hydroxide, [CAS 1310-58-3]. caustic potash, potassium hydrate, KOH, white solid, soluble, mp 380 C, formed (1) by reaction of potassium carbonate and calcium hydroxide in H2O, and then separation of the solution and evaporation. (2) by electrolysis of potassium chloride under the proper conditions, and evaporation. Used in the preparation of potassium salts f 1) in solution, and (2) upon fusion. Also used 111 the manufacture of (3) soaps, (4) drugs. (5) dyes, (6) alkaline batteries, (7) adhesives, (8) fertilizers, (9) alkylates, (10) for purifying industrial gases, (11) for scrubbing out traces of hydrofluoric add in processing equipment, (12) as a drain-pipe cleaner, and (13) in asphalt emulsions. 

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