Electrodes nanoarchitectured

Three-dimensional electrode nanoarchitectures exhibit unique structural features, in the guise of amplified surface area and the extensive intermingling of electrode and electrolyte phases over small length scales. The physical consequences of this type of electrode architecture have already been discussed, and the key components include (i) minimized solid-state transport distances (ii) effective mass transport of necessary electroreactants to the large surface-to-volume electrode and (iii) magnified surface—and surface defect—character of the electrochemical behavior. This new terrain demands a more deliberate evaluation of the electrochemical properties inherent therein. 

Recent Advances in Multidimensional Electrode Nanoarchitecturing for Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion Batteries... 

This chapter presents a critical review on the newly developed procedures for multidimensional electrode nanoarchitecturing for Li- and Na-ion batteries. Starting from nt-Ti02 utilization, first-row transition metal oxide nanocomposites are examined. Metal foams for 2D and 3D battery architectures and graphene-transition metal oxide heterostructures with unusual performance for battery applications are discussed. 

A literally nanoarchitectured electrode was reported by Owen et al. [64,65], who electrodeposited nickel/nickel oxide, which is regarded an electrochemi-cally extremely important material whenever applications like fuel cells, the electrolysis of water, batteries or catalysts for the electrochemical hydrogenation of organic species are concerned. Mesoporous nickel electrodes have been electrodeposited by reduction of a nickel(II) solution dissolved within the aqueous... 

Conducting polymers are promising basic backbones to construct flexible electrodes for LIBs because of their high flexibility, conformability, and versatility. Furthermore, the other active materials can be incorporated into the conducting polymers to form high-performance flexible electrodes. For example, a novel three-dimensional nanoarchitecture composed of PPy-Si core-shell nanofibers was achieved by the deposition of Si onto the electropolymerized PPy nanofibers. This core-shell structure indicated a high cyclic stability after repeated lithium insertion and extraction (Du et al., 2012). 

Shen, J., C. Yang, X. Li, and G. Wang. 2013. High-performance asymmetric supercapacitor based on nanoarchitectured polyaniline/graphene/carbon nanotube and activated graphene electrodes. ACS Applied Materials Interfaces 5 8467-8476. 

Sumboja, A., X. Wang, J. Yan, and P. S. Lee. 2012. Nanoarchitectured current collector for high rate capability of polyaniline based supercapacitor electrode. Electrochimica Acta 65 190-195. 

Wang, Q., Gao, R, and Li, J. H. (2007]. A Porous, self-supported Nl3S2/Ni nanoarchitectured electrode operating through efficient lithium-driven conversion reactions,Appi Phys. Lett, 90, p. 143107. 

D nanoarchitectures came into focus of recent research [38]. Advantages of such well-defined, ion-electron conductive pathway-integrated 3D architectures are, in addition to the small areal footprint, the short transport lengths for ions in the solid-state electrode as well as between the anode and cathode. In lithium-ion batteries, the 3D design minimizes both distances and hence yields concomitant improvements in the achieved power density. Sophisticated 3D preparation techniques also hold great promise in fuel cells. 

Biswas S, Drzal LT (2010) Multilayered nanoarchitecture of variable sized graphene nanosheets for enhanced supercapacitor electrode perfOTmance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2 2293-2300... 

Nelson PA, Elliott JM, Attard GS, Owen JR (2002) Mesoporous nickel/nickel oxide nanoarchitectured electrode. Chem Mater 14 524—529... 

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