Electrodes, bismuth carbon paste

Electrodes BDDE boron-doped diamond electrode, BiFE bismuth film electrode, CFiE carbon fibre electrode, CPE carbon paste electrode, GCE glassy carbon electrode, HMDE hanging mercury drop electrode, Hg(Ag)FE silver-amalgam film electrode, (M)CPE (modified) carbon paste electrode, MFE mercury film electrode, MWCNTs-Na/Bi multiwall carbon nanotubes dispersed in Nafion used in combination with Bi, SCE saturated calomel electrode, SMDE static mercury drop electrode, SP-BiFE screen-printed... 

Owing to the toxicity of mercury and its disposal problem, solid electrodes are now very popular. In particular, electrodes made of carbon such as glassy carbon, graphite, carbon paste, and carbon fibers have gained popularity. Mercury, gold, bismuth, and other metals can be deposited as thin metal films on carbon and serves as thin metal film electrodes (TMFE) with excellent analytical advantages in trace metal analysis. The choice of working electrode is determined by the redox... 

Bismuth-film electrodes (BiFEs), consisting of a thin bismuth-film deposited on a suitable substrate, have been shown to offer comparable performance to MFEs in ASY heavy metals determination [17]. The remarkable stripping performance of BiFE can be due to the binary and multi-component fusing alloys formation of bismuth with metals like lead and cadmium [18]. Besides the attractive characteristics of BiFE, the low toxicity of bismuth makes it an alternative material to mercury in terms of trace-metal determination. Various substrates for bismuth-film formation are reported. Bismuth film was prepared by electrodeposition onto the micro disc by applying an in situ electroplating procedure [19]. Bismuth deposition onto gold [20], carbon paste [21], or glassy carbon [22-24] electrodes have been reported to display an... 

Svancara, I., Baldrianova, L., Tesarova, E., Hocevar, S. B., Elsuccary, S. A. A., Economou, A., Sotiropoulos, S., Ogorevc, B. and Vytras, K. (2006), Recent advances in anodic stripping voltammetry with bismuth-modified carbon paste electrodes. Electroanalysis, 18(2) 177-185. 

Krolicka, A., Pauliukaite, R., Svancara, I., Metelka, R., Bobrowski, B., Norkus, E., Kalcher, K., and Vytfas, K. (2002) Bismuth film-plated carbon paste electrodes. Electro-chem. Commun., 4, 193-196. 

Ashrafi, A.M. and Vytfas, K. (2013) Codeposited antimony-bismuth film carbon paste electrodes for electrochemical stripping determination of trace heavy metals. Int. J. Electrochem. Sci., 8, 2095 - 2103. 

Stoces, M. and Svancara, I. (2013) Bismuth-trifluoride modified carbon paste electrode for electrochemical stripping analysis of heavy metals. Int. 

In order to decrease the overpotential for cysteine oxidation in cysteine-containing peptides, graphite-epoxy resin or carbon paste electrodes with immobilized cobalt phthalocyanine have been employed in HPLC systems [53,87-89]. Glassy carbon electrodes modified with a mixed-valence ruthenium(I V,III) oxide film stabilized by cyano cross-links [61,62], indium ferricyanide [63], or a Prussian blue film [64], and a bismuth(V)-doped lead dioxide Pb02 film on gold [65] have also been used for detection following HPLC separation. In addition, a carbon fiber modified with a nfixed-valence ruthenium(IV,III) oxide film stabilized by cyano cross-links has been used in CE [46]. 

Metal nanoparticle-doped sol-gel silica nanocomposites do not possess the required conductivity to fabricate bulk or screen-printed electrodes. Inspired by the well-known resorcinol/formaldehyde sol-gel process, which can be pyro-lyzed to get a conductive amorphous carbon matrix, we have synthesized a nanocomposite material made of a carbon xerogel doped with bismuth nanoparticles and fabricated a carbon paste electrode for heavy metal analysis (Figure 46.11) [24]. The resulting sensor is very sensitive to several heavy metals. Extremely low detection limits for Pb " and Cd of around 0.5 ppb were achieved using a nanocomposite paste electrode containing 6 wt. % of bismuth. 

Niu, P., Femandez-Sanchez, C., Gich, M., Ayora, C., and Roig, A. (2015) Electroanalytical Assessment of Heavy Metals in Polluted Waters with Bismuth Nanoparticle-Porous Carbon Paste Electrodes, submitted to Electrochemistry Acta. 

Hocevar, S.B., et al.. Novel electrode for electrochemical stripping analysis based on carbon paste modified with bismuth powder. Electrochim. Acta, 2005. 57 p. 706-710. 

Bismuth electrodes have been proposed as a substitute for mercury electrodes. A bismuth film on the surface of a heated carbon paste electrode indeed proved useful for stripping analysis of lead, cadmium and zinc traces [34]. An example belonging to the next chapter, i.e. analysis of DNA bases at a heated carbon paste electrode after adsorptive accumulation, also can be considered to be a kind of stripping analysis [35]. 

Krolicka A, Pauliukaite R, Svancara I, MeteDca R, Bobrowski A, Norkus E, Kalcher K, Vytfas K (2002) Bismuth-fihn-plated carbon paste electrode. Electrochem Commun 4 193-196... 

Huang W (2004) Voltammetric determination of bismuth in water and nickel metal samples with a sodium montmorillonite (SWy-2) modified carbon paste electrode. Microchim Acta 144 125-129... 

Svancara I, Fairouz M, Ismail K, Metelka R, Vytfas K (2003) A contribution to the characterisation of mercury- and bismuth fihn carbon paste electrodes in stripping voltammetry. Sci Pap Univ Pardubice A 9 31-48... 

Svancara I, Baldrianova L, TesMova E, Mikysek T, Vytras K (2005) Determination of tin (II) at bismuth-modified carbon paste electrodes. Initial study (in Czech). In Vytras K, Kellner J, Fischer J (eds) Monitoring of environmental pollutants, vol VII. Univ. Pardubice Press Centre, Pardubice, Czech Rep, pp 139-148... 

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