Internal manifolding

ICIFM-21SP Monopolar Electrolyzers. Id s EM-21 SP monopolar electrolyzer incorporates stamped electrodes that are 2 mm thick and of a relatively small (0.2 m ) size (50). The electrolyte compartments are created by molded gaskets between two of the electrode plates the electrode spacing is finite and is estabHshed by gasket thickness. The electrode frames are supported from rails and are compressed between one fixed and one floating end plate by tie rods. Inlet and outlet streams are handled by internal manifolds. A crosscut view of the electrolyzer is shown in Eigure 21. As of 1989, ICI had Hcensed 20 plants having an annual capacity of 468,250 t of NaOH. 

Fig. 3. Schematics of gas manifolds for MCFC stacks (a) internally manifolded fuel cell stack (b) externally manifolded fuel cell stack.

Alternatively, reactant and product gases can be distributed to and removed from individual cells through internal pipes in a design analogous to that of filter presses, (iare must be exercised to assure an even flow distribution between the entiv and exit cells. The seals in internally manifolded stacks are generally not subject to electrical, thermal, and mechanical stresses, but are more numerous than in externally manifolded stacks. 

Internal loop airlift bioreactors, 1 742 Internal manifolding method, 12 200 Internal microwave field, 16 513 Internal olefins, sulfonation of, 23 527 Internal-pair formation (IPF),... 

The gas supply to the stack is accomplished using either external manifolds, usually made of stainless steel, or internal manifolds (Versa Power Systems, HT-ceramix). In the latter case, the manifolds are integrated into the cell design and interconnect (Delphi). 

Fig. 5.1 Commonly used SOFC designs (Celik, 2006). (a) Tubular SOFC, (b) 24 cell tubular SOFC stack, (c) a tubular SOFC module with 48 stacks, (d) 28 cell internally manifolded stack design by Versa Power Systems.

Fig. 10.5 Model geometry of a cell stack. There are internal manifolds in the separator, and fuel and air are introduced to each cell through the manifolds.

The cylinder is divided into compartments like pieces of a pie (see Fig 2), and drainage pipes carry fluid from the cylinder surface to an internal manifold. 

FIGURE 26.12 Plate and frame (filter-press) electrochemical flow cells, (a) Monopolar connection with external fluid flow manifolding, (b) Bipolar connections with internal manifolding [30] (with kind permission from Springer Science and Business Media). 

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