Electrochemically controlled release

Miller, L.L. Blankespoor, R.L. Zinger, B. Electrochemical Controlled Release Drug Delivery System. US Patent 4,585,652,April 29, 1986. 

Huang, H., C. Liu, B. Liu, G. Cheng, and S. Dong. 1998. Probe beam deflection study on electrochemically controlled release of 5-fluorouracil. Electrochim Acta 43 999. 

Wadhwa, R. Lagenaur, C. R Cui, X. T. Electrochemically controlled release of dex-amethasone from conducting polymer polypyrrole coated electrode. J. Control. Release 2006, 3, 531-541. 

ELECTROCHEMICALLY CONTROLLED RELEASE OF IONS FROM POLYMERS... 

E. Shamaeli and N. Alizadeh, Kinetic studies of electrochemically controlled release of salicylate from nanostructure conducting molecularly imprinted polymer, Electrochim. Acta, 114 409-415,2013. 

There are various ways in which CMEs can benefit analytical applications. These include acceleration of electron-transfer reactions, preferential accumulation, or selective membrane permeation. Such steps can impart higher selectivity, sensitivity, or stability to electrochemical devices. These analytical applications and improvements have been extensively reviewed (35-37). Many other important applications, including electrochromic display devices, controlled release of drugs, electrosynthesis, and corrosion protection, should also benefit from the rational design of electrode surfaces. 

The electrochemical stripping of ions incorporated into polymer films can also be used in the sense of release of reagents into solution 261-264) jjjg electrochemically stimulated and controlled release of drags and neurotransmitters from... 

DeNuzzio, J.D., and B. Berner. 1990. Electrochemical and iontophoretic studies of human skin. J Control Release 11 105. 

Biomaterials, Synthesis, Fabrication, and Applications Bioreactors Distillation electrochemical Engineering Fluid Dynamics Membrane Structure Membranes, Synthetic (Chemistry) Molecular Hydrodynamics Nano-structured Materials, Chemistry of Pharmaceuticals, Controlled Release of Solvent Extraction Wastewater Treatment and Water Reclamation... 

The various chapters in this book address the topics of material selection, characterization and evaluation as well as membrane preparation, characterization and evaluation. At the expense of neglecting membranes for applications such as controlled release and impermeable barriers, this book focuses on synthetic membranes for separation processes as well as active membranes and conductive membranes. While many of the concepts developed herein can be extrapolated to other applications, the Interested reader is referred elsewhere for specific details (for example, controlled release (25-30), coating and packaging barriers (31-33), contact lenses (34,35), devolatilization (36), ion-selective membrane electrodes (37-42) and membranes in electrochemical power sources (43)). 

Microencapsulation techniques are now being actively developed along directions that will have an important impact on electrochemically based industries. Possibilities include the masking of particulate surfaces to prevent specific (and undesirable) reactions as well as the controlled release of electroactive components or inhibitors into the environment (24). The following examples illustrate these techniques. 

Furthermore, porous CPs (e.g., polypyrrole, polyanUine) films have been used as host matrices for polyelectrolyte capsules developed from composite material, which can combine electric conductivity of the polymer with controlled permeability of polyelectrolyte shell to form controllable micro- and nanocontainers. A recent example was reported by D.G. Schchukin and his co-workers [21]. They introduced a novel application of polyelectrolyte microcapsules as microcontainers with a electrochemically reversible flux of redox-active materials into and out of the capsule volume. Incorporation of the capsules inside a polypyrrole (PPy) film resulted in a new composite electrode. This electrode combined the electrocatalytic and conducting properties of the PPy with the storage and release properties of the capsules, and if loaded with electrochemical fuels, this film possessed electrochemically controlled switching between open and closed states of the capsule shell. This approach could also be of practical interest for chemically rechargeable batteries or fuel cells operating on an absolutely new concept. However, in this case, PPy was just utilized as support for the polyelectrolyte microcapsules. 

M. Hepel and F. Mahdavi, Application of the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance for electrochemically controlled binding and release of chlorpromazine from conductive polymer matrix, Microchem. J., 56(1), 54—64 (1997). 

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