Electrochemical techniques overview

The book has been structured into roughly three parts. First (Chap. 1), an overview of analytical methods applied in the study of cultural goods is presented to situate electrochemical methods in their analytical context. The second part contains voltammetric methods devoted to the identification (Chap. 2), speciation (Chap. 3), and quantitation (Chap. 4) of microsample components from works of art and/or cultural and archaeological pieces. The third part of the book presents selected examples of the deterioration of metal artifacts, outlining aspects peculiar to the cultural heritage conservation field (Chap. 5), and describes hisforic and current issues regarding electrochemical techniques used in restoration treatments and preventive conservation (Chap. 6). 

In Part II, we deal with various electrochemical techniques and show how they are applicable in non-aqueous solutions. In this chapter, we give an overview of electrochemical techniques, from the principles of basic techniques to some recent developments. It will help readers from non-electrochemical fields to understand the latter chapters of Part II. Many books are available to readers who want to know more about electrochemical techniques [1], In particular, the excellent book by Bard and Faulkner [la] provides the latest information on all important aspects of electroanalytical chemistry. 

In order to give an overview of the many electrochemical techniques, it is convenient to classify them. Table 5.1 is an example of such a classification. All electro-... 

The two most important methods of both probing and stimulating supramolecular devices are photochemical and electrochemical techniques. The most prevalent events to occur in such devices are electron, energy and proton transfer, as well as molecular rearrangement. Any of these events can provide the basis for forms of transducable output on which molecular electronic devices may be based. Therefore, the theories most commonly applied to such electrochemically and photochemically triggered events are outlined in this chapter. In addition, an overview of the mechanisms by which such events occur is provided, identifying the molecular or physical parameters required to make such events feasible in a supramolecular structure. 

Section IV analyzes methods of fluorine introduction in organic molecules by discussing the ECF method in order to overview and rationalize the available material on syntheses and applications of fluorinated heterocyclic compounds based on modern knowledge in this field. Is it possible for modified electrochemical techniques to produce a pronounced effect when applied on a large-scale basis Is there any opportunity to reject the old expensive and unsafe procedures for the production of fluorinated materials based on heterocyclic frameworks and to replace them by more economical, safe, and ecologically clean procedures These issues are examined in Section IV. 

It is the aim of this chapter to give an overview on both chemical and electrochemical techniques for producing metallic-particle-based CP nanocomposite materials and to outline the progress made in this field. The various synthetic approaches are organized in such a way as to present first those involving metal particle deposition in the course of polymerization, and subsequently post-polymerisation procedures that involve chemical, electrochemical, or adsorption processes (Figure 7.1). Well-established approaches, along with some newly developed techniques will be discussed, with special emphasis on those that are still underdeveloped. Synthesis of metal oxide particle-based CP composites (see e.g. [8]), as well as modification of CPs with transition-metal complexes (see e.g. [5]) remain outside the scope of this chapter. 

As discussed in more detail in Sect. 1.1.5, this volume of the Encyclopedia is divided into three broad sections. The first section, of which this chapter is an element, is concerned with introducing some of the basic concepts of electroanalytical chemistry, instrumentation - particularly electronic circuits for control and measurements with electrochemical cells - and an overview of numerical methods. Computational techniques are of considerable importance in treating electrochemical systems quantitatively, so that experimental data can be analyzed appropriately under realistic conditions [8]. Although analytical solutions are available for many common electrochemical techniques and processes, extensions to more complex chemical systems and experimental configurations requires the availability of computational methods to treat coupled reaction-mass transport problems. 

Hence the structure of this book quite deliberately follows that of the course. The theoretical background to electrochemistry and the discussion of electrochemical techniques are developed as parallel themes. The general principles of instrumentation and experiment design are introduced in later chapters, while those readers interested in the mathematical and computational techniques used in electrochemistry are directed to the appendix. The purpose of this first chapter is to give an overview of electrochemistry and to summarise those important equations and ideas which will be used repeatedly throughout the book and which will also be more fully justified in later chapters. 

The goals of this chapter were to give a brief overview of the exposure tests used to determine localized corrosion susceptibility, and to introduce a variety of electrochemical techniques that can provide important information concerning localized corrosion susceptibility. Although none of the... 

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