Electrochemical printing

Figure 8.5 Example of electrochemical printing and the intricate patterns that can be obtained with no mask. The diameter of the entire pattern is 1.8 mm and the thickness is 700 nm. Reproduced from Ref. 102 by permission of The Electrochemical Society.

Electrochemical printing is the process of localized deposition of metal for fabrication of micrometer scale metallic features. Dots of metals are deposited by focusing electrolyte jet on a metallic substrate. The deposition of metallic dots is controlled by passing current between jet and metal substrate. 

J.B. Nelson, Z. Wisecarver, D.T. Schwartz, Electrochemical printing mass transfer effects, J. Micromech. Microeng. 17 (2007) 1192-1199. 

Whitaker J, Nelson J, Schwartz D (2005) Electrochemical printing software reconfigurable electrochemical microfabrication. J Micromech Microeng 15 1498-1503... 

Figure 10.8 Species-specific identification and detection of loop amplicons based on DNA-H33258 interactionusing the disposable electrochemical printed (DEP) chip, (a) Higher rate of diffusion and oxidation of H33258 molecules on electrode surface in the absence of DMA. (b) Lower oxidation observed due to DNA-H33258 interaction and for the low amount of unbound/free H33258 molecule, (c) Cel electrophoresis analysis of loop amplicons. Schematic representation of the electrochemical response (on the right top). Reproduced from [741 with permission from Elsevier...

Moreover, disposable electrochemical sensors for the detection of a specific sequence of DNA were realised by immobilising synthetic single-stranded oligonucleotides onto a graphite or a gold screen-printed electrode. Tire probes became hybridised with different concentrations of complementary sequences present in the sample. 

A thrust can be expected in development of the electrochemical methods (reliability, operation and interpretation), TLA and custom-built NDT systems for specific requirements. The disadvantage of using separate sensors rather than the actual plant has been stated. Methods that can use plant for data are required, and developments in magnetic finger-printing may contribute here. 

Antonucci V, Arico AS, Giordano N, Antonucci PL, Russo U, Cocke DL, Crea F (1991) Photoactive screen-printed pyrite anodes for electrochemical photovoltaic cells. Sol Cells 31 119-141... 

Palchetti I, Mascini M (2005) Electrochemical Adsorption Technique for Immobilization of Single-Stranded Oligonucleotides onto Carbon Screen-Printed Electrodes. 261 27-43 Pascal R, Boiteau L, Commeyras A (2005) From the Prebiotic Synthesis of a-Amino Acids Towards a Primitive Translation Apparatus for the Synthesis of Peptides. 259 69-122 Paulo A, see Santos I (2005) 252 45-84 Perez EM, see Leigh DA (2006) 265 185-208 Perret F, see Coleman AW (2007) 277 31-88 Perron H, see Coleman AW (2007) 277 31-88 Pianowski Z, see Winssinger N (2007) 278 311-342 Piestert F, see Gansauer A (2007) 279 25-52... 

Prussian blue (PB ferric ferrocyanide, or iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)) was first made by Diesbach in Berlin in 1704.88 It is extensively used as a pigment in the formulation of paints, lacquers, and printing inks.89,90 Since the first report91 in 1978 of the electrochemistry of PB films, numerous studies concerning the electrochemistry of PB and related analogs have been made,92 with proposed applications in electrochromism1 and electrochemical sensing and catalysis 93... 

I. V. Barsukov et al (eds.), New Carbon Based Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Systems, 5-20. 2006 Springer. Printed in the Netherlands. 

---