Electrically heated pressurizer

An electrically heated pressure bomb, 4.5 in. in diameter, of 1.5-1. capacity, was employed (American Instrument Company, Model E 1143, cold-tested to 23,000 p.s.i.). About 90 minutes was required to raise the temperature from 25° to 185°. 

Selective ion receptors represent basic units for ionic transmitters or detectors selective ion carriers correspond to ionic transducers. These units may be fitted with triggers and switches sensitive to external physical (light, electricity, heat, pressure) or chemical (other binding species, regulating sites) stimuli for connection and activation. 

Functional dyes are designed to interact with electromagnetic radiation, pH, electricity, heat, pressure and even frictional forces. Each of these interactions is discussed, beginning with the most important interaction, that with electromagnetic radiation. 

The RCS is arranged as two closed reactor coolant loops connected in parallel to the reactor vessel, each containing a reactor coolant pump and a steam generator. An electrically heated pressurizer is connected to the hot leg of one reactor coolant loop. 

The 1255 MW(th)/400 MW(e) Consolidated Nuclear Steam System (CNSS) is an integral pressurized-water reactor (PWR) with the reactor core and steam generators located within the reactor pressure vessel (see Figure 1). Reactor coolant system pressure Is controlled via an electrically heated pressurizer connected to the reactor vessel through four surge lines. 

In a 500-ml. round-bottomed flask fitted with a reflux condenser are placed 16.2 g. (0.08 mole) of dry a-naphthylthiourea (Note 1) and 180 ml. of redistilled chlorobenzene. The flask is heated at the reflux temperature by means of an electric heating mantle. Evolution of ammonia begins almost at once, and all of the solid dissolves after 30-45 minutes. The solution is maintained at reflux for 8 hours (Note 2) and then evaporated on a steam bath at water-pump pressure to remove all of the chlorobenzene. The residue crystallizes on cooling and is extracted with four 30-ml. portions of boUing hexane (Note 3). Removal of solvent from the combined hexane extracts affords pale yellow crystals of naphthyl isothiocyanate, m.p. 58-59°. The yield is 12.7-13.0 g. (86-88%). Recrystallization from hexane (9 ml. of hexane for 1 g. of solute) gives colorless needles, melting point unchanged (Note 4). 

Most bonded repairs are cured using electric heat blankets and vacuum bags, shot bags or clamps for applying pressure. Programmable heat blanket controllers... 

Rheological and processability behaviors were studied in a Monsanto processability tester (MPT), which is an automatic high-pressure capillary viscometer. The entire barrel and capillary are electrically heated with a microprocessor-based temperature controller [14], The... 

Pressure vessels and appurtenances should be constructed of stainless steel or other corrosion-resistant materials. Ideally, these steam generators should receive hot demineralized FW to minimize chemical treatment requirements. Alternatively, where a main boiler plant is installed, 100% steam condensate provides a good source of FW. In practice, it is very difficult to accurately control the correct amount of chemical feed. Chemicals are typically restricted to potable grade, deposit control agents such as polyacrylates, and other materials listed under the Code of Federal Regulations, CFR 21 173.310, or National Sanitary Foundation (NSF International) approval system. These boilers may be electrically heated or gas-fired. 

Figure 5.2. Two of the more common types of low pressure CVD reactor, (a) Hot Filament Reactor - these utilise a continually pumped vacuum chamber, while process gases are metered in at carefully controlled rates (typically a total flow rate of a few hundred cubic centimetres per minute). Throttle valves maintain the pressure in the chamber at typically 20-30 torr, while a heater is used to bring the substrate up to a temperature of 700-900°C. The substrate to be coated - e.g. a piece of silicon or molybdenum - sits on the heater, a few millimetres beneath a tungsten filament, which is electrically heated to temperatures in excess of 2200 °C. (b) Microwave Plasma Reactor - in these systems, microwave power is coupled into the process gases via an antenna pointing into the chamber. The size of the chamber is altered by a sliding barrier to achieve maximum microwave power transfer, which results in a ball of hot, ionised gas (a plasma ball) sitting on top of the heated substrate, onto which the diamond film is deposited.

C06-0069. Constant-pressure calorimeters can be calibrated by electrical heating. When a calorimeter... 

Steam, and other vapour heating systems, are intrinsically safe as the temperature cannot exceed the saturation temperature at the supply pressure. Other heating systems rely on control of the heating rate to limit the maximum process temperature. Electrical heating systems can be particularly hazardous. 

---