Electrical theory

Turning again to the theoretical aspect. Electrical theories have been advanced by Teudt, Aronsohn, Zwaardemaker, and others, but little attention need be paid to these. 

As regards the origin of the double layer the Helmholtz theory gives no information, but several other theories have been formulated. Modem electrical theories suppose every conducting substance to contain large numbers of negatively charged ions, called electrons, which are exactly alike no matter in what substance they are found. When two s.T. 5... 

In autumn 1921, shortly after Polanyi joined the staff of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute, Haber invited Polanyi to give a full account of adsorption theory at Haber s colloquium. [15] The result was considerable criticism from both Haber and Albert Einstein, who faulted Polanyi for disregarding in his lecture the new electrical theories of the structure of matter. Polanyi later said, professionally, I survived the... 

During the first half of the nineteenth century the researches of Faraday and others placed the science of electricity on a firm basis. The development of electrical theory was largely independent of that of chemical theory and it was not until near the end of the century that it was realized that matter and electricity are practically identical. 

We now have two major aims first, to calculate the position of the phase boundary between the one-phase and two-phase regions, already sketched in the figure and second, to calculate the tZ-value between the layers as a function of r and c. I think that if we can do these two things, we can reasonably claim to have constructed a complete electrical theory of clay swelling. 

In electricity theory, phase relationships refer to the relahon of current to potenhal in an ac circuit. If the current and potenhal vary together in time, i.e., they reach maximum and minimum together, then they are in phase. If the current and potential are out of step, by, say, a quarter of a phase, they are out of phase. In diffraction theory, the phase refers to the variation of the amplitude of the lightwave with time at a given point. Two beams of radiation out of phase by a half cycle will annihilate. 

Benjamin Franklin and Mme. Marie Curie were experimental physicists. Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein were theoretical physicists, perhaps the greatest. In the earlier days, the tools, both experimental and mathematical, were so simple that a single man or woman could become skilled in the use of both kinds. Isaac Newton not only made the thrilling experiment of breaking sunlight into colors with a prism, but actually invented for his own use one of the most useful forms of mathematics, the calculus. Franklin contributed to electrical theory. Nowadays some of the tools are so complex that few physicists are versatile enough to become masters of them all. 

Kundt, A. A. E. E. Die neuere Entwicklung der Electricitdts-Lehre. [Newer developments in electrical theory.] Otto Lange Berlin (1891). 

Several mechanisms of interaction between particles of solids are known [3]. Mechanical adhesion is achieved by flowing a metal into the support pores. The molecular mechanism of adhesion is based on the Van der Waals forces or hydrogen bonds, and the chemical mechanism on the chemical interaction of the metal particles with the support. The electric theory relates adhesion to the formation of an electric double layer (EDL) at the adhesive-substrate interface. Finally, the diffusion mechanism implies interpenetration of the molecules and atoms of the interacting phases, which results in the interface blurring. These insights into the nature of adhesion can be revealed in the papers about the interaction of transition metal... 

The use of SP surveys as an exploration tool has waned since the 1950s with the increasing sophistication of other electrical geophysical techniques such as induced polarisation (IP) and ground resistivity. Part of the reason is that the interpretation of these non-passive techniques is easier because electrical theory and electronics theory can be applied. Since the causes of natural SP above mineralisation are still widely misunderstood (Hamilton, 1998), the interpretation of the results of SP surveys is difficult. 

Arrhenius received his early education at the cathedral school in Uppsala, excelling in biology, physics, and mathematics. In 1876 he entered the University of Uppsala and studied physics, chemistry, and mathematics, receiving his B.S. two years later. While he continued graduate classes for three years in physics at Uppsala, his studies were not completed there. Instead, Arrhenius transferred to the Swedish Academy of Sciences in Stockholm in 1881 to work under Erick Edlund to conduct research in the field of electrical theory. 

In this contribution, we present a first-principles study of the structure and energetics of Bjerrum defects in ice h using a large supercell subject to periodic boundary conditions. The results are interpreted in the context of experimental electrical conductivity data for doped ice Ih, using the framework of Jaccard s defect-based microscopic electrical theory of ice ... 

In both pure as well as doped ice, the electrical conductivity due to Bjerrum defects is essentially controlled by L defects. According to Jaccard s electrical theory of ice it takes the form... 

It turns out that the B field strength is proportional to the square root of the power applied. The reason for this is that it is the current in the coil which is responsible for the B field and, as we know from elementary electrical theory, power is equal to (resistance x current2). So, the current is proportional to the square root of the power. 

Electrical Theory on the Giorgi System, P. Cornelius. Clothbound 6.00... 

Powerful as the theory of photons has proved itself, and deeply as the statistical method permits us to penetrate into the nature of radiation, there are aspects of the subject which can only be understood in terms of the electrical theory of matter and of the electromagnetic theory of light. The introduction of the electrical theme cannot be much longer deferred. 

These extraordinary facts can be expressed in terms of the properties of the wave function tp, but before the discussion is carried farther it is necessary to assemble a whole series of results. It is only in the light of developments proceeding from the electrical theory of matter that the necessary ideas become intelligible (see p. 193). 

Anyone who has sought in chemistry a road to the understanding of everyday things will probably have been impressed by the apparent gulf separating the substances with which simple chemical experiments are done in the laboratory and the materials of which the ordinary world seems largely to be made. Trees, rocks, aUoys, and many other common objects and substances are of evident complexity, and this is not aU even the simpler chemical bodies seem to be extraordinarily diverse, and the problem of their classification is a formidable one. Among the major questions of physical chemistry is that of the connexion between the electrical theory of matter, the kinetic theory, quantum mechanical and statistical principles, and the forms assumed by the various systems accessible to normal experience. 

While it is not possible to predict behaviour in each individual example, the reasons for this general classification and the trend in character through the periodic system are explicable in terms of the electrical theory of matter. 

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