Electrical energy production power plants

Table 5.19 presents data concerning emissions of gaseous pollutants during the production of the electric energy in power plants burning fossil fuel... 

The first was found by Alessandro Volta in 1800 in an investigation of the causes of the well known Galvani frog-leg phenomenon, and the second was the discovery of Michael Faraday in 1831 that a magnet moving near a metal wire induces motion of electrons it it. The latter discovery resulted in the present day production of electrical energy in power plants, while the former enabled. us to obtain electricity independently of the mains supply, from chemical power sources, commonly known as batteries. It may not be common knowledge however, that these two power production methods have developed to a similar level of use. The electric power delivered at the present time by automobile batteries alone amounts to about 1.5 TW and is of the same order as that delivered by all the electric power-plants in the world. 

Colorado during the period 1980-1991, with an average yield of 110 L shale oil per tonne of exploitable oil shale (Dyni 2000). The facility has a capacity of 1 600 000 L shale oil per day (10000 barrels/d Press Siever 1997). However, most of the oil shale mined in the world today is utilized as feedstock for production of energy, both thermal and electrical. In such power plants, the temperatures reach up to 1500 °C. As an example, Estonian energy production accounts for about 70% of the world s oil shale consumption (Ots Uus 2002). 

Nuclear fission is a process in which the nucleus of an atom splits, usually into two pieces. This reaction was discovered when a target of uranium was bombarded by neutrons. Eission fragments were shown to fly apart with a large release of energy. The fission reaction was the basis of the atomic bomb, which was developed by the United States during World War II. After the war, controlled energy release from fission was applied to the development of nuclear reactors. Reactors are utilized for production of electricity at nuclear power plants, for propulsion of ships and submarines, and for the creation of radioactive isotopes used in medicine and industry. 

The total costs for the electric energy production in nuclear power plants are lower than those in power plants burning fossil fuels. The cost of the fuel represents only 33% in the case of nuclear power plants, 80% in the case of power plants burning fossil fuels [3]. 

Results show that the energy production of the country increases during this period of time. The rate of power plant corrstmction is affected by the global sanction after 2008 so the growth of electrical energy production is not proportionate to the other industrial sections. 

Nuclear Power. Nuclear power is used extensively for electric power production, with more than 400 plants worldwide producing about 17 percent of the world s electricity. In Erance, about 75 percent of the electricity comes from nuclear plants. In 2008, about 104 nuclear power plants were operating in the United States. These plants produce nearly 20 percent of the country s electric energy. Because nuclear plants produce no carbon dioxide and no other airborne pollutants, the United States and other nations are looking to nuclear power to fulfill their future electric needs. There are several different types of nuclear power plants, but nearly all of them make use of steam energy technology. In these plants, the nuclear reactor replaces the boiler furnace as a heat source. Most of the rest of the plant closely resembles a conventional steam plant. Unlike conventional plants, nuclear plants use saturated steam rather than superheated steam because it is not feasible to superheat steam by means of a nuclear reactor. 

The periodic summary report should also include an interpretation of the results and an adequate explanation of their significance (e.g. with reference to appropriate models or standards or to the uncertainty of the results), especially for results that show significant variations in the releases or in the contamination of the environment. The summary should also include other useful information such as the weather conditions during the reported period and the net electrical energy production (for nuclear power plants) or the quantities of fuel produced (for a fuel fabrication facility) or reprocessed (for a fuel reprocessing plant) in the period concerned. 

Nucleai energy is a principal contributor to the production of the world s electricity. As shown in Table 1, many countries are strongly dependent on nuclear energy. For some countries, more than half of the electricity is generated by nuclear means (1,3). There were 424 nuclear power plants operating worldwide as of 1995. Over 100 of these plants contributed over 20% of the electricity in the United States (see also Power generation). 

The widespread availabiHty of electrical energy completely transformed modem society and enabled a host of breakthroughs in manufacturing, medical science, communications, constmction, education, and transportation. Centralized fossil fuel-powered, steam-turbine-based power plants remain the dominant means of electricity production. However, hydropower faciHties such as the 1900-MW Hoover Dam Power Project located on the Arizona—Nevada border, commissioned by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation during the 1930s, have also made significant contributions. 

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