Ternary systems electrical conductivity

In a detailed study of the electrical conductivities of the ternary system (CF8C0)i0-H20-(CH8CX ))80, it was found that a dilute solution of trifluoroacetic anhydride in acetic acid has a small but definite conductivity which is slightly greater than twice that of a solution of trifluoroacetic acid... 

High Li+ and Na ion contents in the melt result in higher electrical conductance of the electrolyte, while high K+ content promotes the gas solubility. The conductance measurements with various binary and ternary systems indicate that the ternaries of Li, Na,... 

Among the physico-chemical properties, the density of the ternary system KF—KCl—KBF4 was measured by Chrenkova and Danbk (1991), the surface tension by Lubyova et al. (1997), the electrical conductivity by Chrenkova et al. (1991b), and the viscosity by Dandk and Nguyen (1995). 

The ideal behavior in the case of electric conductivity is not defined physically, as we deal with scalar quantities, for which the total derivative does not exist and the simple additivity rule may thus not be used. However, the electrical conductivity is thermally activated and the additivity of activation energies of pure components is enabled. Based on this idea the additivity of logarithms of the electrical conductivity may be accepted as the ideal behavior. It should be, however, emphasized that there are two kinds of electrical conductivities, i.e. the conductivity, k, and the molar conductivity, X. The concept of the additivity of logarithms is recommended to apply to the molar conductivity, as the concentration course of the molar conductivity is smoothed by multiplying the conductivity with the molar volume. The ideal course of the electrical conductivity in the ternary system can be then expressed in the form... 

For the excess electrical conductivity of the real ternary system, the validity of the general Redlich-Kister s type equation can be proposed. For the description of the composition dependence of electrical conductivity in the ternary system, the following equation could then be used... 

It should be, however, emphasized that there are two kinds of electrical conductivities, i.e. the conductivity, k, and the molar conductivity, X. The concept of the additivity of logarithms is recommended to apply to molar conductivity, as the concentration course of the molar conductivity is smoothed by the multiplication of conductivity with the molar volume. For description of the molar conductivity in a ternary system, the following... 

Ternary complexes of the above type are generally viscous oils or fusible solids of light yellow to red colour characterized by high specific gravity ( 2 g/cm and high electrical conductivity Their stability increases as the basicity of the hydrocarbon and the acidity of the system HY -H MY increase. In case the hydrocarbon remains the same in all the complexes the stability of the latter changes as follows (cf -... 

The formation of a glass in the arsenic-selenium-copper system is facilitated by the formation of three-dimensional structural units that contain all three components. The structural units formed in the glass evidently have a similar composition and structure to the well-known ternary compound Cu3AsSe4. The increase in the electrical conductivity of the arsenic selenides brought about by the introduction of copper is due to the accumulation of these structural units in the ass. The temperature dependence of the electrical conductivity of glasses with a hi copper content is similar to that of polycrystalline CusAsSei. 

Fillers and additives may also interact with the solvent, with the polymer, or with both. The electrospinnability of tbe solution may change as a result of these interactions, but it may also remain imcbanged, regardless of tbe additive. It has, for example, been shown that conductive solutions can form different kinds of three-dimensional loose structures on the substrate, instead of a tbin coating layer attached to the substrate surface. Tbe form of these structures can vary from fibrils perpendicular to the substrate surface to a layer with a fluffy cotton-like structure. Fibrils can even extend to cover tbe entire electrospinning zone. If this kind of conductive fibrous structure connects tbe nozzle and collector plate, the electric field discharges and the process stops. The optimisation of the process parameters for ternary systems can be even more challenging than for binary systems composed only of polymer and solvent. 

Consider a ternary system in which the common ion, / = 3, is an inactive species. (If the electroactive species were the common ion, the system behavior would be similar to that of a binary solution.) A key feature of systems with only one electroactive species is that there is a background concentration of indifferent electrolytes that maintain a fairly uniform conductivity of the DBL. This implies that the electric potential drop is small and is quite uniformly distributed over the DBL. The concentration profile of the electroactive species is (slightly) nonhnear, and the same is true in general for the inactive ions, but the system behavior is still quite simple. In the particular case zi = Z2> the concentration profile of the common ion is linear and is given by... 

Electrical Conductivity in Hydrothermal Binary and Ternary Systems 215... 

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