Electrical biosensor design

Bresler H S era/ 1992 Application of capacitive affinity biosensors HIV antibody and glucose detection Biosensor Design and Application ed P R Mathewson and J W Finley (Washington, DC American Chemical Society) pp 89-104 Keese C R and Giaver I 1994 A biosensor that monitors cell morphology with electrical fields IEEE Eng. Med. Biol. Mag. 13 402-8 Bao J-Z er al 1993 Impedance spectroscopy of human erythrocytes system calibration and nonlinear modelling IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. BME-40 364-78... 

Individual polyethers exhibit varying specificities for cations. Some polyethers have found appHcation as components in ion-selective electrodes for use in clinical medicine or in laboratory studies involving transport studies or measurement of transmembrane electrical potential (4). The methyl ester of monensin [28636-21 -7] i2ls been incorporated into a membrane sHde assembly used for the assay of semm sodium (see Biosensors) (5). Studies directed toward the design of a lithium selective electrode resulted in the synthesis of a derivative of monensin lactone that is highly specific for lithium (6). 

In design of electrochemical sensors (and biosensors) especially helpful is electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), providing a complete description of an electrochemical system based on impedance measurements over a broad frequency range at various potentials, and determination of all the electrical characteristics of the interface.60-61 Generally it is based on application of electrical stimulus (known voltage or current) across a resistor through electrodes and observation of response... 

As shown in Figure 1, biosensors can be looked on as devices that convert chemical information into an electrical output, and in effecting this transduction there needs to be a link between the soft biological elements and the hard solid-state elements organometallic compounds can act as this link and so mediate the information flow. Biosensors are heterogeneous devices and this has implications in both their design and operation, the signal... 

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