Electric charge production

Daughter ion. An electrically charged product of a reaction of a particular parent ion. In general, such ions have a direct relationship to a particular precursor ion and, indeed, may relate to a... 

MS/MS The acquisition and study of the spectra of the electrically charged products or precursors of m/z selected ion or ions, or of precursor ions of a selected neutral mass loss. Also termed tandem mass spectrometry. 

We can get a more quantitative feel for the relative stabilities of alkyl carbocations by examining data for the enthalpy of ionization (gas phase) for various alkyl chlorides Of course, each of these reactions is much more endothermic in the gas phase than it would be in solution, where solvent molecules of appropriate polarity characteristics could help to stabilize the electrically charged products of the ionization reaction. (This is why ionizing solvents are often used for reactions that involve charged intermediates.) Nevertheless, the data clearly reflects the order of carbocation stabihty that we have already established tertiary carbocations are the easiest (least endothermic) to form, the secondary, then primary, and the methyl carbocation is the most difficult to form. 

The Z-spray inlet causes ions and neutrals to follow different paths after they have been formed from the electrically charged spray produced from a narrow inlet tube. The ions can be drawn into a mass analyzer after most of the solvent has evaporated away. The inlet derives its name from the Z-shaped trajectory taken by the ions, which ensures that there is little buildup of products on the narrow skimmer entrance into the mass spectrometer analyzer region. Consequently, in contrast to a conventional electrospray source, the skimmer does not need to be cleaned frequently and the sensitivity and performance of the instrument remain constant for long periods of time. 

Fragment ion. An electrically charged dissociation product of an ionic fragmentation. Such an ion may dissociate further to form other electrically charged molecular or atomic moieties of successively lower formula weight. 

Rearrangement ion. An electrically charged dissociation product, of a molecular or parent ion, in which atoms or groups of atoms have transferred from one portion of the molecule or molecular moiety to another during the fragmentation process. 

There are two main advantages of acrylamide—acryUc-based flocculants which have allowed them to dominate the market for polymeric flocculants in many appHcation areas. The first is that these polymers can be made on a commercial scale with molecular weights up to 10—15 million which is much higher than any natural product. The second is that their electrical charge in solution and the charge density can be varied over a wide range by copolymerizing acrylamide with a variety of functional monomers or by chemical modification. 

For insulators, Z is very small because p is very high, ie, there is Htde electrical conduction for metals, Z is very small because S is very low. Z peaks for semiconductors at - 10 cm charge carrier concentration, which is about three orders of magnitude less than for free electrons in metals. Thus for electrical power production or heat pump operation the optimum materials are heavily doped semiconductors. 

Oil Contamination of Helium Gas. For more than 20 years, helium gas has been used in a variety of nuclear experiments to collect, carry, and concentrate fission-recoil fragments and other nuclear reaction products. Reaction products, often isotropically distributed, come to rest in helium at atmospheric concentration by coUisional energy exchange. The helium is then allowed to flow through a capillary and then through a pinhole into a much higher vacuum. The helium thus collects, carries, and concentrates products that are much heavier than itself, electrically charged or neutral, onto a detector... 

Pipe Line Charge Generation. The problem of electrical charges produced by flowing hydrocarbon products in pipe lines was studied by many investigators. 

Electric arc furnace, 404 Electric charge, 75 detection, 74 effect of distance, 76 in matter, 77 interactions, 75 negative, 77 positive, 77 production, 76 types, 76... 

There is a third real reason for deviations from Eq. (5.18) in the case that a non-conductive insulating product layer is built via a catalytic reaction on the catalyst electrode surface (e.g. an insulating carbonaceous or oxidic layer). This is manifest by the fact that C2H4 oxidation under fuel-rich conditions has been found to cause deviations from Eq. (5.18) while H2 oxidation does not. A non-conducting layer can store electric charge and thus the basic Eq. 5.29 (which is equivalent to Eq. (5.18)) breaks down. 

Coulomb s law The potential energy of a pair of electric charges is inversely proportional to the distance between them and proportional to the product of the charges, couple See redox couple. 

Just as mass and energy must be conserved, so also must electrical charge. Yet free electrons are not found stable in nature under the conditions of chentistry on earth, so caimot appear as reactants or products in representations of chemical reactions. Example 11 is a half-equation , something that represents a common pattern in chemical reactions, but only occms when coupled to another suitable half-equation (i.e., this reduction process must be paired with an oxidation process that releases electrons), e.g. 

The simplest balanced chemical equation for a precipitation reaction is a net ionic equation that has ions as the reactants and a neutral solid as the product. In a precipitation reaction, reactant ions combine to form a neutral ionic solid. One reactant carries positive charge and the other carries negative charge, but the product is electrically neutral. Because electrical charge always is conserved, the total positive charge of the reacting cations... 

Coulometry can be regarded as an analog of titration where the substance being examined is quantitatively converted to a reaction product not by the addition of titrant, but by a certain amount of electric charge Q. As in titration, the endpoint must be determined. To determine the endpoint during current flow, one combines coulometry with another of the electrochemical methods described, and accordingly is concerned with conductometric, potentiometric, or amperometric coulometry. 

Since a Faraday is equal to the product of Avogadro s number and the electronic charge (F = N e), it amounts to the fact that a Faraday contains the same number of unit electric charges as the number of molecules in a mole. Hence, a Faraday (F) may be regarded as a mole of electricity. 

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