Efficiency defined

Many factors other than current influence the rate of machining. These involve electrolyte type, rate of electrolyte flow, and other process conditions. For example, nickel machines at 100% current efficiency, defined as the percentage ratio of the experimental to theoretical rates of metal removal, at low current densities, eg, 25 A/cm. If the current density is increased to 250 A/cm the efficiency is reduced typically to 85—90%, by the onset of other reactions at the anode. Oxygen gas evolution becomes increasingly preferred as the current density is increased. 

The contribution efficiency defined by Eq. (9-119) may vary from year to year. In that case, Eq. (9-117) can be written in the modified form... 

Equation (18) displays the relationship between the column efficiency defined in theoretical plates and the column efficiency given in effective plates. It is clear that the number of effective plates in a column is not aii arbitrary measure of the column performance, but is directly related to the column efficiency as derived from the plate theory. Equation (18) clearly demonstrates that, as the capacity ratio (k ) becomes large, (n) and (Ne) will converge to the same value. 

By using a local ventilation system of good design less air is needed to reach a specific contaminant level than is possible with general ventilation. It can also be said that the purpose of local ventilation is to achieve a more efficient (defined in some way) ventilation in a part of a room or in the wdiole room. Local ventilation also can be important from a process standpoint, e.g., removal of heat that might damage equipment. 

Big or small, simple or complex, energy converters must all subscribe to the principle of conservation of energy. Each one converts energy into some form regarded as useful, and each one diverts energy that is not immediately useful and may never be useful. Because energy is diverted, the efficiency defined as... 

Finally a word about efficiency observing time on large telescopes is a valuable asset, both in terms of cost and considering the ratio of observing time available to the time requested by astronomers. Marco et al. (2001) state that the observing efficiency defined as fhe ratio of science shutter time to available dark time is 10-30% for the ADONIS AO system while the corresponding ratio for other instruments is 50-80%. Some of this difference is due to the fact that most AO exposures are of short duration and the readout time is significant. In addition, AO systems use time to close the loop and optimize performance. Observations may also be necessary to characterize the PSF. 

OS 87] [R 35] ]P 67] Quantum efficiencies increase with flow rate and decrease with residence time [72, 74]. When the residence time is too long the light coming into the solution can no longer have a function. The quantum efficiencies, defined as moles reacted versus moles of photons, were of the order of 1-3.3, exceeding the performance of conventional photochemical set-ups at the higher end. 

It is clear from the mass balance that C02 is inevitably produced and that for every mole of product, half a mole of C02 must be produced. In terms of a carbon efficiency (defined as the amount of carbon that ends up in product), this means a 67% carbon efficiency. This is simply the result of the wrong ratio of the atoms (C and H) in the feedstock. 

EXAMPLE 6.7 Estimate the cooling efficiency, defined by ) cooi =, of a... 

When, in the case of low-density polyethylene, a vinyl chloride/ polyethylene ratio near 1 is used, the system is close to saturation and a few per cent of a fine powder containing principally PVC may form. This is avoided when a vinyl chloride/polyethylene ratio of 0.6 is used, with injection of the rest of the vinyl chloride during the polymerization. This way, the system is always definitely below saturation. Moreover, this technique improves the grafting efficiency (defined by the ratio grafted VCx 100/total polymerized VC), which increases with a decreasing vinyl chloride/polyethylene ratio during polymerization. 

Allocative efficiency defines the extent to which the quantity of product and service supplied is efficient 39. In a broad perspective this means that all customers who are willing to pay a price equal to or above the marginal cost of production and transportation shall be supplied with gas. When it comes to transportation services only, the aim is to have sufficient capacity to serve all shippers with a willingness to pay a tariff equal to or above marginal transportation costs. Allocative inefficiency exists if this aim is not met or if there is excess capacity due to lack of willingness to pay the given tariff. 

To compare the capability of detection under several operation conditions between the new separation efficiency defined by Eq. (3.13) and Newton efficiency. (To compare the change in the newly defined separation efficiency with the value of the fraction of the useful component in the feed, product, and residuum with that of Newton efficiency.)... 

To apply the separation efficiency defined by Eq. (3.13) to the evaluation of the separation performance of the distillation column. 

Based only on stoichiometry and assuming no side reactions, in which case will the current efficiency (defined as the charge employed for a given process divided by the total charge passed through the system) for formaldehyde destruction be higher (Ibanez)... 

Available-Energy Analysis. Using standard techniques (7-8) an available-energy analysis was performed on the system operating at a reflux ratio of 1.2, and shows the overall Second-Law efficiency to be 12.9% (9). The relevant equations for this analysis are given in Table II. The reboiler has a Second-Law efficiency equal to AAi/AAst or 74.2%. The tower efficiency, defined as AAfr>.p/(AA], + A ) is 55.7%. Note that it is of little use to... 

Photosystem I. The quantity of photocurrent varied with the type and age of electrode as is evident from the data in Table I. Some freshly made Ti02 electrodes generated low currents even in the absence of PSI. The incident photon to current conversion efficiency, defined as the number of electrons injected by the excited sensitizer (and recorded as photocurrent) divided by the number of incident photons, was calculated from the equation ... 

After the introduction of pronase E, other more or less nonsubstrate-specific proteolytic enzymes have been applied to assist Se speciation. Most of them were derived from DNA/RNA clean-up protocols. The new enzymes (subtilisin from Bacillus licheniformis, also named protease VIII, EC 3.4.21.14 proteinase K from Tritirachium album, EC 3.4.21.64 the crude Novo Nordisk product of Flavourzyme from Aspergillus oryzae) proved to be capable of extracting Se with varying yields and chromatographic recovery of Se species. It is important to highlight that the latter parameter also depends on the instrumentation available. In this regard, different recovery values for the same samples reported by independent research groups do not necessarily indicate successful or unsuccessful sample preparation. Similarly, extraction efficiency (defined as the ratio of extracted Se to total Se in the sample) cannot be used as such for comparison purposes because sample preparation may include some extra steps, for example, TCA precipitation or ultrafiltration, which may reduce this value even by 10-20 percent. 

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