Effective Writing

Source Adapted from U.S. Air Force Manual Tongue and Quill. 

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The ortho effect may consist of several components. The normal electronic effect may receive contributions from inductive and resonance factors, just as with tneta and para substituents. There may also be a proximity or field electronic effect that operates directly between the substituent and the reaction site. In addition there may exist a true steric effect, as a result of the space-filling nature of the substituent (itself ultimately an electronic effect). Finally it is possible that non-covalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding or charge transfer, may take place. The role of the solvent in both the initial state and the transition state may be different in the presence of ortho substitution. Many attempts have been made to separate these several effects. For example. Farthing and Nam defined an ortho substituent constant in the usual way by = log (K/K ) for the ionization of benzoic acids, postulating that includes both electronic and steric components. They assumed that the electronic portion of the ortho effect is identical to the para effect, writing CTe = o-p, and that the steric component is equal to the difference between the total effect and the electronic effect, or cts = cr — cte- They then used a multiple LFER to correlate data for orrAo-substituted reactants. 

Use Figures 10-5 and 10-6 or Table 10-1 to decide which of the following soluble substances would permit a separation of aqueous magnesium and barium ions. For those that are effective, write the equation for the reaction that occurs. 

Use the Internet to investigate the phenomena known as blackbody radiation and the photoelectric effect. Write a brief report outlining the nature of these phenomena, why nineteenth-century physics could not explain them, and how the new idea of quantization could. Go to the web site above. Click on Web Links to find out where to go next. 

Understanding your audience is a critical component of effective writing. Before you begin any type of essay, you must find out ... 

Effective writing begins with a clear understanding of audience and purpose. Know your audience who will read your essay, why they will read it, and what they already know about your subject. Consider your relationship to your readers, and be sure to carefully consider your purpose. Why are you writing What do you hope to achieve in your essay ... 

It goes without saying that having a crystal dear understanding of a subject is a prerequisite to effectively writing about it. 

In the articles from which excerpts 4D and 4E were taken, reported results represent only a small fraction of the data actually collected. The authors found ways to condense their data as they wrote their papers. In excerpt 4D, the authors condensed their data by reporting only representative results (i.e., results from three soils instead of all seven). In excerpts 4D and 4E, the authors initially reported multiple variables (i.e., three chromium compounds and hve cities) but ended with a narrower focus (i.e., one chromium compound and one city). In each case, the readers benehted from the researchers hindsight. Learning to tell your story of scientific discovery in retrospect, by reorganizing your data and highlighting only the most illustrative pieces, is an essential skill in effective writing. 

The Fiesers proved to be an extraordinarily effective writing team, producing some of the most important scientific books of the century. Other Fieser and Fieser books include Style Guide for Chemists (1960), Topics in Organic Chemistry (1963), Current Topics in Organic Chemistry (1964), and Reagents for... 

Tichy, H.J. t988) Effective Writing for Engineers, Managers and Scientists. John Wiley and Sons, New York. This is strong on scientific style and claritY in writing. ... 

Reaction-path coordinates were first described in detail by Marcus (1966). Choosing a curve 4 in the two-dimensional configuration space (x, X) for the reaction AB + C -> A + BC, he introduced two new variables the distance s along ( , and r, the shortest distance of nearby points in the plane to < . He then proposed an adiabatic-separable method that included curvilinear motion effects. Writing for the potential V, without loss of generality,... 

Effective writing and editing involves many considerations, and a brief checklist shows how detailed the process can become. In no particular order, each exercise at writing involves the following ... 

A major advance in the theory of primary hydrogen isotope effects came when the approximation was made that substitution of deuterium for hydrogen does not greatly affect the classical properties of the molecule, such as the mass or moments of inertia and consequently neither the translational nor rotational partition functions . This left only the quantum mechanical vibrational partition function as a source of the isotope effect. Writing the deuterium isotope effect in terms of the complete vibrational partition function, equation (6) is obtained, where Ut = hvJkT, Vi is the frequency of the /th vibrational mode and N is the number of atoms in the molecule. The products and summations are... 

This work W differs from the W of Eq. (2,7-1), which also includes kinetic- and potential-energy effects. Writing the first law of thermodynamics for this case, where A becomes AC/,... 

Let us consider once more the set of constitutive equations (4.11), (4.12), and (4.13). It was mentioned in this context that partial derivatives of dependent variables with respect to independent variables define the material coefficients involved. The terms appearing in the leading diagonal of the array on the right hand side of this system of equations represent the so called principal effects. Writing... 

From the analytically point of view, the potential periodicity of the Eq. (3.20) allows the effective writing of the potential form in a general manner, known as Fourier expansion ... 

Work in teams to effectively write a project report and give a presentation that describes the connection between the concepts of sustainable engineering and their work, the approach they took and their conclnsions and recommendations for future work. 

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