Effective Entities

Finally, it is necessary to refer briefly to cases where an entity cannot lay claim to any self-determination status, be it colonial, constitutional or remedial, but manages nevertheless to exhibit the criteria necessary for statehood (that is, territory, population and effective government). 

Most cases of successful secession or dissolution have occurred with the consent of the relevant central authorities (United Arab Republic, Mali Federation, Malaysia-Singapore, Czechoslovakia, Yemen, Eritrea) or in the colonial context. There are hardly any examples of unilateral opposed secession that have remained effective over the long term. As noted above, the case of Bangladesh appears to be truly exceptional given the special role played by India. In that case, elements of state practice did initially reject the result, as evidenced in the records of the UN General Assembly, but this position was not maintained over time. 

Similarly, the outcome of the Kosovo issue is also still open, although only to a limited extent. As it becomes clear that Kosovo 

More generally, it is possible to analyse the situation of effective entities in two ways. The first is simply to point to the objective criteria of statehood. If an entity manages to exhibit a defined population and territory that is subjected to an effective government, and if the entity has also made manifest the will to be a state, then it is a state. That manifest will, exhibited in a declaration of independence or an independence constitution will need to be backed by an assessment of popular support through a referendum. Moreover, statehood must not be tainted hyjvs cogens violations. 

Prolonged effectiveness, even in the absence of recognition, might also yield status in a second, slightly different category of cases. These are instances where a population makes manifest its desire to act together as an organised political community independent of others on a defined territory, but does not formally 

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A further complicated issue arises in the context of effective entities of uncertain status. This is the question of the effect of pronouncements by the UN Security Council. It is clear that the adoption of an unambiguous Chapter VII declaration, declaring invalid an entity s claim to statehood, would determine that entity s status in a definite and legally binding way. However, in several cases, the Council has acted less decisively. 

Flavoringingredient. Any single chemical entity or natural mixture added to food, dmgs, or other products taken in the mouth, the clearly predominant purpose and effect of which is to provide all or part of the particular flavor of the final product. 

There should be specific, saturable binding to the receptor, accompanied by pharmacological characteristics appropriate to the functional effects, demonstrable using a radioactive, eg, tritium or iodine-125, ligand to label the receptor. Radioligand binding assays (1,6) have become a significant means by which to identify and characterize receptors and enzymes (see Immunoassays Radioactive tracers). Isolation of the receptor or expression of the receptor in another cell, eg, an oocyte can be used to confirm the existence of a discrete entity. 

The formation of photodimers of the cyclobutane type from thymine (111 R = Me) occurs most effectively when a frozen aqueous solution of the substrate is irradiated. After the independent recognition of such dimers in two laboratories about 1960, it was some six years before the main constituent was identified beyond doubt (66JCS(C)2239) as the cis-syn entity (113), a U-shaped molecule in which the planes of the six-membered rings... 

Response of Equipment The response of equipment to blast is usually a combination of two effects one is the displacement of the equipment as a single entity and the other is the faihire of the equipment itself. The displacement of the equipment is an important consideration for small, unsecured items—e.g., empty drums, gas cyhnders, empty containers. Most damage resmts from the faihire in part or totally of the equipment or containing structure itself. 

Use PMO theory to describe the effect of the substituents on the ionization potential. Use an MO diagram to explain the interaction of the substituents with the n bonds. Explicitly take into account the fact that the two orbitals interact and therefore cannot be treated as separate entities (see Problem 10). 

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