Effect optical principles

Figure 71. Optical principles of conventional and luster pigments A) Conventional pigment that absorbs and scatters light B) Metal effect pigment with complete regular reflection C) Natural pearl composed of alternating layers of protein and CaC03 D) Nacreous pigment the pearl is simulated by parallel orientation of the pigment platelets...

The physical background of optical interference effects has been the subject of many publications [5.122-5.125, 5.127-5.130]. The optical principles of pearl luster (interference) pigments are shown in Figure 5.16 for a simplified case of nearly normal... 

This list is reproduced as Table 7.2. Of particular interest in this section are detection means used in sensors and sensor conversion phenomena. At present the principle transduction schemes use electrochemical, optical, and thermal detection effects and principles. 

Pearl luster pigments, which can be natural or synthetic, show outstanding qualities of luster, brilliance and iridescent color effects based upon optically thin layers. This visual impression develops by reflection and scattering of light on thin multiple layers. In nature this is not limited to pearls and mussel shells alone there are a multitude of birds, fish, precious stones and minerals, even insects which demonstrate a pearl luster effect. Experiments to understand the optical principles of natural pearl luster demonstrate that the brilliant colors are based upon structured biopolymers and upon layered structures which are developed by biomineralization. 

Figure 7-1 illustrates the various optical principles of conventional pigments (absorption pigments), metal effect pigments, and pearls and pear] luster pigments. In the case of absorption pigments, the interaction with light is based upon absorp-... 

In this chapter, we discuss a number of optical and optoelectronic device applications such as hght-emitting diodes (LEDs), photovoltaic and photoconductive devices, field-effect optical modulator devices and all-optical modulator devices made from thiophenes. Following an introduction to the basic operating principles of each device, we will assess progress in the development of each type of device and focus on the underlying semiconductor physics issues. 

The principle of optical triangulation has been known since the time of the early Greeks, and indeed optical triangulation has been used for hundreds of years in applications such as surveying, camera auto-focus and even smart-bombs. With the advent of low-cost, compact electro-optic components such as lateral-effect photodetectors, diode lasers and micro-optics, laser-based triangulation sensors can now be employed for applications that were, heretofore, considered uninspectable. 

The Franck-Condon principle reflected in tire connection between optical and tliennal ET also relates to tire participation of high-frequency vibrational degrees of freedom. Charge transfer and resonance Raman intensity bandshape analysis has been used to detennine effective vibrational and solvation parameters [42,43]. 

This expression is the main tool used in describing diffraction effects associated with Fourier optics. Holographic techniques and effects can, likewise, be approached similarly by describing first the plane wave case which can then be generalized to address more complex distribution problems by using the same superposition principle. 

Even though the LDA principle is based on the optical Doppler effect, its lifelike interferometric interpretation is presented here. 

This aspect is not included here, but is related to optical flow diagnostics. It is based again on the principle of the optical Doppler effect. Multifunctional equipment is available for noncontact measurements of flow-induced vibration on surfaces of structural elements, for acoustic measurements, and for calibration of accelerometers and vibration transducers. 

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