Effect of Synthesis Conditions

It needs to be stressed that the performance of conducting-polymer actuators is heavily dependent upon their conditions of preparation, in that the quality of the films, including factors such as chain alignment and polymer density, can be readily altered as electropolymerization conditions are varied. Several synthetic conditions relevant to conducting-polymer nanostructure are included below. 

3 Modelling Mechanical Performance and Developing Device Applications 

Relating chemical and material properties to actuation behavior has proven to be a major challenge, and remains an important area of investigation for several research groups, as efforts are made to systematically improve actuator performance in proposed devices. Properties at the nanoscale are being seen as increasingly important in this regard, as will be discussed in subsequent sections. 

Research groups at Wollongong, Australia, have examined a number of conducting-polymer performance criteria, such as the energy output (work) for different actuator geometries, and the way the strain typically decreases as the force under operation is increased. Part of the explanation for the behavior of conducting-polymer actuators can be 

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SH Gehrke, M Palasis, MK Akhtar. Effect of synthesis conditions on properties of polyfALisopropyl acrylamide) gels. Polym Int 29 29-36, 1992. 

Effect of synthesis conditions on phase composition of Pyrochlore-Brannerite ceramics. Materials Research Society Symposium Proceedings, 663, 315-324. 

This paper concerns the cationic isomerization polymerization of 3-methyl-1-butene and 4-methyl-1-pentene. Specifically, the microarchitecture (composition) of poly(3-methyl-l-butene) and poly(4-methyl-1-pentene) has been investigated, and the effect of synthesis conditions on polymer composition, polymer molecular weight and polymerization rate of 4-methyl-1-pentene has been studied. 

The results of the study of the effect of synthesis conditions on the composition of poly(4-methyl-l-pentene) have shown that even under conditions most favorable for the successful competition of isomerization with propagation, i.e., —120° C, using EtAlCl2, in ethyl chloride, the polymer contains only 50% of the desired 1,4-structure. It appears that in the series (n— l)-methyl-l-alkenes as n increases the likelihood of obtaining completely isomerized products via cationic isomerization polymerization is decreased. This is supported qualitatively by results obtained in the cationic polymerization of 4-methyl-l-hexene, an (n—2)-methyl-1-alkene (17). 

Li et al. (2007) reported the use of dry biomass, Rhizopus oryzae (R. oryzae) IF04697, whole cell-catalyzed methanolysis of soybean oil for biodiesel (methyl ester) in rm-butanol system. Changing one separate factor at a time (COST), live-level-four-factor Central Composite Design (CCD) were used to evaluate the effects of synthesis conditions, such as tert-butanol to oil volume ratio, methanol to oil molar ratio, water content, and dry biomass amount. Biodiesel yields of 72% were obtained under the optimal conditions using the proposed model for prediction. 

S. Panero, P. Prosperi and B. Scrosati, Characteristics of electrochemically synthesized polymer electrodes in lithium cell. VI. Effects of synthesis conditions on the performance... 

H. Feil, Y.H. Bae, J. Feijen and S.W. Kim, Molecular separation by thermosensitive hydrogel membranes, J. Membr. Sci., 1991, 64, 283 N. Kyaman, D. Kazan, A. Eearslan, O. Okay and B.M. Baysal, Structure and protein separation efficiency of poly(Y-isopropylacrylamide) gels Effect of synthesis conditions, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 1998, 67, 805. 

To enhance para-selectivity with high toluene conversion, we have reported a novel catalyst, which is a single crystal-like silicalite/H-ZSM-5 composite [10]. This catalyst showed excellent para-selectivity, approximately 99 %, with toluene conversion higher than 35 % for the alkylation of toluene. In this study, the catalytic activity of the silicalite/H-ZSM-5 composite for the alkylation and disproportionation of toluene was investigated with respect to the effect of synthesis conditions on the quality of silicalite layer and catalytic performance. 

The effect of synthesis conditions of the surface area stability of Ce02—Zr02 mixed oxides was recently addressed by Terribile et al. (1998b). They compared the surface areas of samples prepared by the conventional co-precipitation route with those prepared by... 

Gupta, B., Tyagi, P.K., Ray, A.R. et al. 1990. Radiation induced grafting of 2-hydroxyethyhnethacrylate onto polypropylene for biomedical application I. Effect of synthesis conditions. J Macromol Sci Chem. 27 831-841. 

Javaid A, Krapchetov DA, Ford DM (2005) Solubility-based gas separation with oligomer-modified inorganic membranes—part III. Effects of synthesis conditions. J Membr Sd 246(2) 181-191... 

Bing Y, Neburchilov V, Song C, Baker R, Guest A, Ghosh D, et al. Effects of synthesis condition on formation of desired crystal structures of doped-Ti02/carbon composite supports for ORR electrocatalysts. Ekctrochim Acta 2012 77(0) 225-31. 

To obtain a medium with required holographic characteristics, it is necessary to know the effect of synthesis conditions on constructed hologram parameters and be in a position to purposefully change and control them... 

E.L. Abdel-Aal, et al., Effect of synthesis conditions on preprartion of nickel metal nano powders via hydrothermal reduction technique , Powder Technology, 171 (2007), 63-68. 

Volkov, V. V., Fadeev, A. G., Khotimsky, V. S., Litvinova, E. G., Sehnskaya, Y. A., McmiUan, J. D., et al. (2004). Effects of synthesis conditions on the pervaporation properties of poly[l-(trimethylsilyl)-l-prop3me] useful for membrane bioreactors. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 91, 2211—2211. 

Tab.1 Effect of synthesis conditions on the porous structure of MCM-41 samples...

Table 1 sunmiarizes some samples prepared, the concentrations of reactants employed and the BET surface area, total pore volume at p/p°=0.995 (V), average pore diameter (d), and crystallite size. The last parameter was estimated from X-ray diffractogrammes, and confirmed with transmission electron microscopy. Table 2 shows the effect of synthesis conditions on the properties of the samples. Table 2 refers to syntheses using O.OIM cerium and 2M aniline solutions, after calcination for 2h at 673K. 

CHO T H, PARK S M, YOSHIO M, HIRAI T, HIDESHIMA Y. Effect of synthesis condition on the structural and electrochemical propeities of Li[bfii/3Mni/3Coi/3]02 pFepprecipitation method[J]. Journal of Power Sources, 2005,142 306-312. 

Santilli, C.V., Sarmento, V.H.V., Dahmouche, K., Pulcinelli, S.H., and Craievich, A.F. (2009) Effects of synthesis conditions on the nanostructure of hybrid sols produced by the hydrolytic condensation of (3-methacryloxypropyl) trimethoxysilane. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 113,14708-14714. 

Natile MM, Ugel E, Maccato C, Glisenti A. LaCo03 Effect of synthesis conditions on properties and reactivity. Appl Catal B. 2007 72 351. 

Hwang, B., Santhanam, R., and Chen, C. 2003. Effect of synthesis conditions on electrochemical properties of LiNij.yCOyOj cathode for lithium rechargeable batteries. IPowerSourc. 114 244r-252. 

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