Effect of Lambda

Maund SJ, Van Wijngaarden R, Roessink I et al (2008) Aquatic fate and effects of lambda-cyhalothrin in model ecosystem experiments. In Gan J, Spurlock F, Hendley P et al (eds) Synthetic pyrethroids occurrence and behavior in aquatic environments. ACS Symposium Series 991, American Chemical Society, Washington DC... 

Roessink I, Arts GHP, Belgers JDM, Bransen F, Maund SJ, Brock TCM. 2005. Effects of lambda-cyhalothrin in two ditch microcosm systems of different trophic status. Environ Toxicol Chem 24 1684-1696. 

Hong SH, Cho O, Kim K, Shin HJ, Kotenko SV, Park S (2007) Effect of interferon-lambda on replication of hepatitis B virus in human hepatoma cells. Virus Res 126 245-249 Hoofnagle JH, Mullen KD, Jones DB, Rustgi V, Di BiscegUe A, Peters M, Waggoner JG, Park Y, Jones EA (1986) Treatment of chronic non-A, non-B hepatitis with recombinant human alpha interferon. A preliminary report. N Engl J Med 315 1575-1578 Horiike N, Onji M (2003) Combination therapy with interferon-alpha and ribavirin as im-munomodulators in patients with chronic hepatitis C. J Gastroenterol 38 302-304... 

Ehrenfest s concept of the discontinuities at the transition point was that the discontinuities were finite, similar to the discontinuities in the entropy and volume for first-order transitions. Only one second-order transition, that of superconductors in zero magnetic field, has been found which is of this type. The others, such as the transition between liquid helium-I and liquid helium-II, the Curie point, the order-disorder transition in some alloys, and transition in certain crystals due to rotational phenomena all have discontinuities that are large and may be infinite. Such discontinuities are particularly evident in the behavior of the heat capacity at constant pressure in the region of the transition temperature. The curve of the heat capacity as a function of the temperature has the general form of the Greek letter lambda and, hence, the points are called lambda points. Except for liquid helium, the effect of pressure on the transition temperature is very small. The behavior of systems at these second-order transitions is not completely known, and further thermodynamic treatment must be based on molecular and statistical concepts. These concepts are beyond the scope of this book, and no further discussion of second-order transitions is given. 

Schroer AFW, Belgers JDM, Brock TCM, Matser AM, Maund SJ, van den Brink PJ. 2004a. Comparison of laboratory single species and field population-level effects of the pyrethroid lambda-cyhalothrin on freshwater invertebrates. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 46 324-335. 

Jayaram B, DiCapua FM, Beveridge DL (1991) A theoretical study of polyelectrolyte effects in protein-DNA interactions Monte Carlo free energy simulations on the ion atmosphere contribution to the thermodynamics of lambda repressor-operator complex formation. J Am Chem Soc 113 5211-5221... 

Jiang, Y.H., Lupton J.R. and Chapkin, R.S. 1997. Dietary fat and fiber modulate the effect of cancinogen on colonic protein kinase C lambda expression in rats, J. Nutr., 127(10) 1938-1943. 

Figure 71. Effect of the total precious metal loading at a fixed Pt Rh ratio of 5 1 g/g on the conversion of CO, HC and NO reached over the catalyst at a stoichiometric exhaust gas composition, as a function of the duration of the engine aging (catalyst as Fig. 70 engine bench activity test at a space velocity of 60000 Ml l" h" exhaust gas temperature 723 K exhaust gas composition lambda 0.995 dynamic frequency 1 Hz amplitude 0.5 A/F engine bench aging cycle for various lengths of time). Reprinted with permission from ref. [76], 1990 Society of Automotive Engineers, Inc.

Figure 5a illustrates the effect of changing amplitude at constant frequency on conversions over Pd/ base metal catalyst. Near the stoichiometric point (lambda = 0.995), decreasing the modulation amplitude from +/- 1 A/F ratio to 0.25 A/F ratio increases CH4 activity by a factor of three. CO and NO conversions are also improved by the decreasing amplitude. 

Rompelberg, C.J. et al.. Effect of eugenol on the mutagenicity of benzo[a]pyrene and the formation of benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts in the lambda-lacZ-transgenic mouse, Mutat Res., 369, 87, 1996. 

Plasmid analysis is often used in recombinant DNA technology. Anew separation matrix, consisting of poly(A-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) polymer and mannitol as small molecule additive, was used for CE-based plasmid DNA separation. Supercoiled, linear, and nicked conformers of lambda plasmid were separated in 1% PNIPAM + 6% mannitol. The effect of the applied mannitol concentration on the separation quality is shown in Figure 6.6 [117]. 

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