Effect of food

The authors are grateful to the BBSRC, and to the European Commission (FAIR CT97 3029 Effects of Food-Borne Glucosinolates on Human Health) for financial support. 

ROBERFROID M B (1996) Functional effects of food components and the gastrointestinal system chicory fructooligosaccharides. Nutr Rev. 54 S38-42. 

Nowadays food manufacturers, scientists and also consumers are interested in the health effects of foods. Therefore a lot of resources are being devoted to developing new food items with particular health effects for the market. However, in many cases scientific evidence authorising the health claims of such products is lacking. Phloem is one candidate as a functional food because... 

Khachik, F. et al.. Effect of food preparation on qualitative and quantitative distribution of major carotenoid constituents of tomatoes and several green vegetables, J. Agric. Food Chem., 40, 390, 1992. 

Van der Spiegel, M., Measuring effectiveness of food quahty management, PhD thesis, Wageningen University, Wageningen, 2004. 

Over the course of these experiments, if gastric retention in the fasted state was observed for 24 h, the animal was given a standard pelletized meal once-a-day. The purpose for this was to observe the effects of food on hydrogel retention and also to determine if the presence of the gel had any effect on inhibiting the transit of food. 

Class IV drugs have low aqueous solubility and poor membrane permeability and as such are often considered as poor drug candidates for oral administration. Other routes of administration may need to be considered. For example, neomycin falls into this category, and its oral use is to achieve sterilization of the gut. There is too little information about these compounds and the effect of food to offer general observations. 

WN Charman, CJH Porter, S Mithani, JB Dressman. Physicochemical and physiological mechanisms for the effects of food on drug absorption the role of lipids and pH. J Pharm Sci 86 269-282, 1997. 

TR Bates, JA Sequeira, AV Tembo. Effect of food on nitrofurantoin absorption. Clin Pharmacol Ther 16 63-68, 1974. 

Ito Y, Niiya Y, Otani M, et al. 1987. Effect of food intake on blood lead concentration in workers occupationally exposed to lead. Toxicol Lett 37 105-114. 

Rabinowitz MB, Koppel JD, Wetherill GW. 1980. Effect of food intake on fasting gastrointestinal lead absorption in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 33 1784-1788. 

Table 5. Effect of food on the mean pharmacokinetic parameters following administration of a single rifaximin dose (400 mg) in 14 healthy volunteers (from FDA rifaximin label [34])...

After oral administration of 400 mg of rifaximin to fasted healthy volunteers blood drug concentration was found to be lower than the detection limit of the analytical method (i.e. 2.5 ng/ml) in half of them [102]. In the remaining subjects very low amounts were detected at some of the time intervals during the first 4 h after intake. Along the same lines, the urinary concentrations of the drug were very low and often undetectable. The effect of food on the absorption of the antibiotic was also evaluated [34] and a significant, albeit not clinically relevant, increase of bioavailabity was observed after a high-fat breakfast (table 5). 

Limiting Factors for Absorption Effects of Food Matrix... 

Meals No effect of food Take with food Take with food... 

Irey, N.S., Drug adverse reaction reports related to immunotoxicity, in Inadvertent Modification of the Immune Response The Effects of Foods, Drugs, and Environmental Contaminants, Asher, I.M., Ed., US Food and Drug Administration, Washington, D.C., 1978, p. 140. 

Forestell, C.A., Schellinck, H.M., Drumont, S. and Lolordo, V.M. (2001) Effect of food restriction on acquisition and expression of a conditioned odor discrimination in mice. Physiol. Behav. 72, 559-566. 

Food odors are also important as attractants for traps both on their own or in combination with pheromone lures as synergists or additive attractants. Food odors can be used to improve the capture of species that do not have commercially available pheromone lures, of females that do not respond to traps with sex pheromones, and of immature stages. In a number of situations, pheromones combined with food odor are more attractive then either alone (Landolt and Phillips, 1997 Phillips et al., 1993 Trematerra and Girgenti, 1989). Food odor has an advantage over food bait packs because typically the insect is unable to develop on the chemical fraction containing the attractant in contrast to food bait packs. The effectiveness of food attractants can be diminished in environments that contain other food odors. 

Wang, W.-X. and Fisher, N. S. (1996). Assimilation of trace elements and carbon by the mussel Mytilus edulis. effects of food composition, Limnol. Oceanogr., 41, 197-207. 

Bondy, S.C. (1979). Rapid screening of neurotoxic agents by in vivo means. In Effects of Food and Drugs on the Development and Function of the Nervous System Methods for Predicting Toxicity. Gryder, R.M. and Frankos, VFL, (Eds.) Office of Health Affairs, FDA, Washington, D.C., pp. 133-143. 

Colored household items made of plastics and other polymers [21] are tested similarly. The effect of food may be imitated by using coconut oil or peanut oil ( coconut oil test ). Strips of filter paper soaked with these materials typically remain in contact with the test sample for 5 hours at 50°C. 

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