Effect of flame

This experiment describes a fractional factorial design used to examine the effects of flame height, flame stoichiometry, acetic acid, lamp current, wavelength, and slit width on the flame atomic absorbance obtained using a solution of 2.00-ppm Ag+. 

Table 10. Effect of Flame Retardancy of Molybdenum Oxide and Antimony Oxide ...

A substance which may explode under the effect of flame or which is more sensitive to shocks or friction than dinitrobenzene. 

Papirer et al. used ATR, XPS, and SIMS to determine the effect of flame treatment on adhesion of polyethylene and polypropylene to styrene/butadiene (SBR) rubber [8]. Each flame treatment consisted of a 75-ms pass over a circular burner. The distance between the upper flame front and the polymer was kept fixed al 8 mm. A band was observed near 1720 cm" in the ATR spectra and assigned to carbonyl groups this band increased in intensity as the number of flame... 

Step 4 Calculate the scaling parameter R, which accounts for the effect of flame shape of the relative thrusts of the wind and the gas jet discharging from the flare tip ... 

Effect of flame when sealed in Detonation Detonation... 

Rgure 8 Effect of Flame Retatdant Type Impact Modified 2/1 PC/PET Blend Art ... 

Other substitutes were available, but a report by the New York State Environmental Protection Agency stated these were inferior to phosphate, posed an alkalinity hazard, and reduced the effectiveness of flame-retardant materials.10 Nevertheless, this did not stop the states of Indiana and New York from banning the sale of nearly all detergents containing phosphates in 1973. A number of other states, counties, and municipalities did not go this far, but limited the amount of STPP to... 

Nonwoven products ranging from medical disposables to automotive fabrics are required to meet specific flammability standards. These fabrics are generally composed of cellulosic and/or synthetic fibers which are flammable. Additionally, polymer coatings are applied to the fabric to impart properties such as strength, abrasion resistance and overall binding. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the various polymer coatings commonly used in the nonwovens industry and their effect on flammability of the substrates. Additionally, the effect of flame retardant additives, commonly used in latex formulations, will be discussed. 

Table V. Effectiveness of Flame Retardants (High Loft Polyester)...

The TNT equivalency method also uses an overpressure curve that applies to point source detonations of TNT. Vapor cloud explosions (VCEs) are explosions that occur because of the release of flammable vapor over a large volume and are most commonly deflagrations. In addition, the method is unable to consider the effects of flame speed acceleration resulting from confinement. As a result, the overpressure curve for TNT tends to overpredict the overpressure near the VCE and to underpredict at distances away from the VCE. 

A relatively large number of metal atoms produce an atomic absorption signal whereby the effect of flame-temperature variation is negligible in AAS i.e., independent of flame-temperature. 2. A much smaller number of metal atoms do produce an emission signal in FES, showing that this technique is not independent of flame, temperature. 

Turns et al. [6] studied turbulent partially premixed flames burning methane, propane, and ethylene with air. The NO emission indices for methane and propane flames first increased and then decreased with increased levels of partial premixing. The NO emission indices for ethylene flames continuously increased at least in the limited range of partial premixing considered in the experiments. The results were qualitatively explained by the opposing effects of flame radiation and residence time on NO emissions. 

This paper reports the results of a molecular-level investigation of the effects of flame retardant additives on the thermal dedompositlon of thermoset molding compounds used for encapsulation of IC devices, and their implications to the reliability of devices in molded plastic packages. In particular, semiconductor grade novolac epoxy and silicone-epoxy based resins and an electrical grade novolac epoxy formulation are compared. This work is an extension of a previous study of an epoxy encapsulant to flame retarded and non-flame retarded sample pairs of novolac epoxy and silicone-epoxy compounds. The results of this work are correlated with separate studies on device aglng2>3, where appropriate. 

It may be concluded from their experiments that burning occurs in a place heated to a temperature of 130°C or higher. Heat may be applied either by the direct effect of flame or by a hot metallic surface (e.g. glowing wire) heating may also result from impact, adiabatic compression of the air in the spaces between the grains of powder and finally, by mutual friction between the grains. The temper-... 

Ascard, J. 1995. Effects of flame weeding on weed species at different developmental stages. Weed Research 35(5) 397-411. 

Rahkonen, J., Pietikainen,. J and Jokela, H. 1999. The effects of flame weeding on soil microbial biomass. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 16(4) 363-368. 

M. Brebu, E. Jakab, and Y. Sakata, Effect of flame retardants and Sb2C>3 synergist on the thermal decomposition of high-impact polystyrene and on its debromination by ammonia treatment, J. Anal. Appl. Pyrolysis, 79(l-2) 346-352, May 2007. 

Thus in the initial stages of the study, excitation and fluorescence spectra were measured for individual species in a cell (heated to approximately 100 C to provide sufficient vapor pressure) to determine their (near) room temperature spectra. Individual PCAH were then injected into a flame to determine the effects of flame temperatures on the spectra and to determine sensitivities. These spectra will then be used as a data base to attempt to deconvolute the complex spectra observed upon excitation of the flame itself. 

ASTM F 1358 Standard Test Method for Effects of Flame Impingement on Materials Used in Protective Clothing Not Designated primarily for Flame Resistance... 

Present research efforts aim mainly at obtaining the important parameters from a study of the macrokinetics of combustion. It is important to estimate the effects of flame retardants, chemical structure of the polymer and polymer composition on variations of the solid- and gas-phase reaction kinetics. 

We considered it most rational to begin this paragraph with a discussion of the mechanistic concepts of the effects of flame retardants on the combustion of polymeric materials. 

---