Ethylene flames

Wang, H. and Frenklach, M., A detailed kinetic modeling study of aromatics formation in laminar premixed acetylene and ethylene flames. Combust. Flame, 110,173, 1997. 

The initial-unforced emission level is nearly five times larger for the ethylene flame. The drop in soot emission occurred at a certain threshold level of the fuel forcing level. This level is lower in the propane flame relative to the ethylene flame. Following this rapid drop, the slope of all the curves is similar. The... 

Figure 6.10 Planar images of the air and fuel mixing pattern and reaction zone imaged by OH fluorescence of the ethylene flame at single-fuel injection low (a) and high (6) soot conditions...

Turns et al. [6] studied turbulent partially premixed flames burning methane, propane, and ethylene with air. The NO emission indices for methane and propane flames first increased and then decreased with increased levels of partial premixing. The NO emission indices for ethylene flames continuously increased at least in the limited range of partial premixing considered in the experiments. The results were qualitatively explained by the opposing effects of flame radiation and residence time on NO emissions. 

H. Wang and M. Frenklach. A Detailed Kinetic Modeling Study of Aromatics Formation in Laminar Premixed Acetylene and Ethylene Flames. Combust. Flame, 110 173-221,1997. 

Crittenden, B.D., and Long, R., "Formation of Polycyclic Aromatics in Rich, Premixed Acetylene and Ethylene Flames" Comb, and Flame, 20, 359-368, 1973. 

Fenimore, C. P. "Formation of Nitric Oxide From Fuel-Nitrogen in Ethylene Flames" Comb, and Flame, 1972, 19, p. 289. 

C P. Fenimore, Formation of nitnc oxide from fuel nitrogen in ethylene flames, Comb and Flame 19 289 (1972)... 

Inner iteration. In some cases explicit expressions can be produced for most QSSA species, but for some other species the QSSA equations are still implicit coupled non-linear expressions. These equations can be solved separately and the concentration of QSSA species calculated by an iteration cycle. This so-called inner iteration method has proved to be a successful technique for this purpose. See Chapter 6 in [163] for an example of its application in methane and ethylene flames. 

Bandaru and Turns [3] presented experimental results on radiant heat fractions based on the single-point source assumption for flares. They presented radiant heat fraction values between 7% and 12% for ethylene flames and noted that the results did not correlate clearly with momentum flux ratio. For propylene and methane flames, Goh and Gollahalli [20] showed that the effects of piloting caused the flame radiation to decrease. Schmitt [68] measured the radiation and dimensional characteristics of hydrogen flares. 

The formation of PAH by combustion and by pyrolysis of ali-phatics has been studied for a long time. In 19T3, Crittenden and Long (T) in an article on the formation of PAH in rich premixed acetylene and ethylene flames (I9) give a good description of the state of art. 

Yuan L, Saito K, Hu W, Chen Z. Ethylene flame synthesis of well-aligned multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Chem Phys Lett 2001 346 23-8. 

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