Effect of applied potential

Fig. 8.17 Effects of applied potential upon the time to failure ratio in slow strain rate tests of C-Mn steel, with and without a 6% nickel addition, in boiling 8 m NaOH, 1 m NaFICOj + 0.5 m Na2COj at 75°C, and boiling 4.4m MgCl2 (after Parkins elat and...

Fig. 8.72 Effect of applied potential on corrosion fatigue behaviour of a ferritic stainless steel in 3% NaCl (after Amzallag el al )...

We now describe the effect of applied potential to an n-type semiconductor in its space-charge region. As there is an excess of electrons, the electron is the majority carrier as there is also movement of a much smaller number of holes (electron deficiencies), the hole is the minority... 

Figure 44c Effect of applied potential on the initiation and repassivation of localized corrosion in Alloy 825 in 1,000 ppm Cl at 95°C.

Figure 10 The effect of applied potential on the various charge components arising from electrochemical activity in artificial crevice experiments conducted for different dichromate concentrations and different dichromate chloride concentration ratios (a) 0.1 M NaCl. (b) 0.1 M NaCl plus 0.01 M Na2Cr207, (c) 0.1 M NaCl plus 0.1 M Na2Cr207. (From E. Akiyama, G. S. Frankel. J. Electrochem. Soc. 146, 4095 (1999).)...

Figure 6.60 Effects of applied potential upon cracking of mild steel in 2 N (NH4)2C03 at 75°C ...

It should be intuitively obvious (and is further clarified below) that the effect of applied potential on the electron transfer rate between the electrode M and a molecular species S in its solution neighborhood reflects the way by which this potential translates into a potential drop between M and S. This follows from the fact that the rate depends on the relative positions of electronic levels in the electrode and the molecule, which in turn depend on this drop. In much of the electrochemical literature it is assumed that when the electrode potential changes by 3 T so does this potential drop. This amounts to the assumption that the species S does not feel the potential change on M, that is, that the electrolyte solution effectively screens the electrode potential at the relevant S-M distance. Such an assumption holds at high supporting electrolyte concentration (order of 1 mole per liter). However, even... 

FIGURE 3.6 A schematic illustration of the effect of applied potential on the ion-exchange properties of PPy s containing different counteranions (DS = dodecyl sulfate). 

FIGURE 3.12 Effect of applied potential on tensile strength. 

Fig. 7.80 Effects of applied potential upon time-to-failure ratio in slow strain rate tests of low-alloy ferritic steels in boiling 8.75 N NaOH (see Fig. 7.79 for compositions of alloys). Redrawn from Ref 11 6, 11 7...

R.W. Revie, H.H. Uhlig, Effect of applied potential and surface dissolution on the creep behavior of copper, Acta Metall. 22 (1974) 619—627. 

The objectives of this chapter are to review the studies on droplet formation mechanisms under the action of electrostatic forces and to determine key parameters critical for production of very small polymer microbeads (i.e., less than 100 p,m in diameter). Specifically, attention is given to the effects of applied potential, needle size, polymer concentration, and electrode spacing, and geometry. An overview of theoretical models and experimental correlations for predictions of droplet diameter is presented. 

Figure 8.4. Effect of applied potential on time to failure of stressed moderately cold-rolled 18-8 stainless steel in magnesium chloride solution boiling at 130 C [27]. (Reproduced with permission. Copyright 1969, The Electrochemical Society.)...

Figure 8.6. Effect of applied potential on stress

Fig. 10.1 Effect of applied potential, E, on band edges in interior of n-type semiconductor (a)...

Figure 3. The effect of applied potential (< ) on the free energy of the transition state in an electrochemical process. The fraction /3 (the symmetry factor) is the same as q in Figure 1.

Analyzing the effect of applied potential on the capacitance arising from the surface states, Cjj, in the polished + etched material (Figure 4.3.14) led to the... 

Stidhar, N. and Dunn, D. S., "Effect of Applied Potential on Changes in Solution Chemistry Inside Crevices on Type 304. Stainless Steel and Alloy 825, Paper 347, NACE CORROSION/94, NACE International, Baltimore, MD, 1994. 

Electrodeposition of Cu on the GaAs(lOO) surface. Effects of surface defects on the electrochemical characteristics of semiconductor electrode have been known for long time but microscopic investigation on the effects has not been carried out. In this section, we investigated the electrochemical deposition of Cu on the p-GaAs(lOO) surfaces of various surface structures, i.e., with various defect densities, by using electrodiemical AFM to visually demonstrate the effects of surface defects on the reactivity. Effects of applied potential and the concentration of Cu " ion in solution on the way how Cu deposition took place were also studied. 

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) technique has been used for the experimental assessment of CO tolerance on different Pt-alloy catalysts and at different temperatures [187]. Hsing et al. [187] proposed that the critical potential at which pseudo-inductive behavior occurs could be used as a criterion for the evaluation of CO tolerance. A mathematical impedance model based on two state-variables (Pt-H and Pt-CO) was also developed to elucidate the reaction kinetics and mechanism of the H2/CO oxidation on a Pt/C catalyst [188]. In fact, this study has given better insight into explicitly understanding the impedance patterns and the quantitative assessment of the effect of applied potentials upon the oxidation reaction kinetics in a broad range of applied potentials. Nevertheless, with the consideration of only two adsorbed species, Pt-H and Pt-CO, the impedance model based on two state-variables was not able to explain the experimental observation... 

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