Economics internal protection

The internal cathodic protection of pipes is only economic for pipes with a nominal width greater than DIN 400 due to the limit on range. Internal protection can be achieved in individual cases by inserting local platinized titanium wire anodes (see Section 7.2.2). 

Internal cathodic protection of water tanks and boilers is most economical if it is taken care of at the design stage. It can, however, be installed at a later stage as a rehabilitation measure to halt the progress of corrosion. Tanks and boilers in ships were described in Section 17.4. Further applications of internal protection are dealt with in Chapter 21. 

Cathodic protection by means of impressed current is very adaptable and economic because of the long durability of anodes and the large number of anode materials and shapes. Some examples are described here. Internal cathodic protection of fuel oil tanks has already been dealt with in Section 11.7. The internal protection of water tanks is described in detail in Chapter 20. 

Further chapters cover in detail the characteristics and applications of galvanic anodes and of cathodic protection rectifiers, including specialized instruments for stray current protection and impressed current anodes. The fields of application discussed are buried pipelines storage tanks tank farms telephone, power and gas-pressurized cables ships harbor installations and the internal protection of water tanks and industrial plants. A separate chapter deals with the problems of high-tension effects on pipelines and cables. A study of costs and economic factors concludes the discussion. The appendix contains those tables and mathematical derivations which appeared appropriate for practical purposes and for rounding off the subject. 

X.-D. Shao 2008. Application of repair technology of internal protection coatings of pipelines for oilfield and relevant economical analysis. Corrosion Science and Protection Technology 20 (3), 229-231. 

Fig. 1. U.S. sweetener consumption, 1980—1992, where represents sucrose ( ), com sweeteners and ( ), noncalotic sweeteners. In each country of the modem world, sugar production and trade play major social, pohtical, and economical roles. In order to regulate and protect export, import, stocks, subsidies, tariffs, etc, an enormous number of laws have been enacted and agreements concluded on sugar, both domestically and internationally. Also, insofar as sugar is a basic staple for a large population, each country keeps a watchhil eye on sugar production, consumption, and price, which vary widely from country to country, as shown in Table 2 (7,8). Table 2. World Sugar Production, Consumption, and Retail Prices, 1993-1995 ...

The economic aspects of internal cathodic protection are naturally most important where there is a danger of pitting or nonuniform corrosion. Usually no... 

Internal Insulation The practice of insulating within the vessel (as opposed to applying insulating materials on the equipment exterior) is accomplished by the use of fiber blankets and lightweight aggregates in ceramic cements. Such construction frequently incorporates a thin, high-alloy shroud (with shp joints to allow for thermal expansion) to protect the ceramic from erosion. In many cases this design is more economical than externally insulated equipment because it allows use of less expensive lower-alloy structural materials. 

Over the last two decades, patents have played an increasingly important role in international trade and the protection they afford has been extended. Yet parallel to this, economic research on the impact of patents has been emphasizing that this is only one of the mechanisms for encouraging innovation. Furthermore, the extension of patent protection in publicly funded research is bearing fruit. 

The innovative pharmaceutical industry is one of the clearest exponents of the familiar process of the globalization of the economy. The reasons for this are obvious first, companies need to recover the huge investment in R D that is necessary to get an innovative medicinal product with added therapeutic value onto the market. Second, the cost of transporting pharmaceuticals is usually low in comparison with the economic value of the product, which facilitates the geographical extension of markets. Finally, the company does not even need to transport goods, as it can limit itself to selling technology, especially if the innovation is protected by a system of patents, and this facilitates international expansion even more. 

Developments to Date. It often has been stated that the basic policy objective of efforts to harmonize the U.S. and European laws is the achievement of consistent and effective protection of health and the environment. However, economic considerations — in particular, the avoidance (or minimization) of non-tariff trade barriers — constitute the principal force behind virtually all of these multilateral efforts. The trade in chemicals and chemical products constitutes a significant part of the overall trade between Western industrialized nations. Specifically, the U.S. enjoys a favorable balance in its chemicals trade, and this is particularly significant given the current recession. Thus, any unnecessary barriers to this trade may impose substantial burdens upon certain segments of the American chemical industry, and may constitute violations of the international General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT). 

Promoting Chemical Leasing based on the preventive Cleaner Production concept provides practical solutions for industry to become more efficient and at the same time reduce unnecessary hazardous chemicals consumption and protect human health and the environment. In this way, environmental and economic policy matters as well as international cooperation objectives can be addressed. In his article, T. Jakl excellently highlights Chemical Leasing and regulatory approaches in Chemical Policy. 

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