Economic Model Interface

The integrated industry model has been interfaced with economic supply functions for crude oil, natural gas, and coal (low, medium, and high-sulfur) and with economic demand functions for important energy products (gasoline, fuel oils, electricity,... 

Lee HL, Billington C (1995) The Evolution of Supply-Chain-Management Models and Practice at Hewlett-Packard. Interfaces 25 42-63 Lee J-W, Swagel P (1997) Trade Barriers and Trade Flows Across Countries and Industries. The Review of Economics and Statistics 79 372-382... 

The principle of integral process development [26] covers much more than just the optimization of a process. This approach begins with computer-aided decision procedures in the conception phase. Tools are available in which the process structure is suggested, for example should the process be a batch or a continuous operation The software tool for process synthesis PROSYN uses databases which include knowledge of experts, material data and calculation models for unit operations. Interfaces to process simulation tools such as ASPENPLUS and material databases are also supplied. PROSYN also delivers an economic evaluation of the future production process. 

An alternative model of the universe has been proposed, under this same heading, before [28]. The physical vacuum is assumed to contain an element of PCT symmetry in four-dimensional space. Thereby the vacuum is defined as an interface, either between two universes or between two regions of opposite chirality in the same universe. The latter more economical situation is the more attractive. The perfect interface, like the ideal aether does not exist and the experimentally measured properties of the vacuum represent the faint echo of another enantiomeric world from across the interface. 

Surface science analytical techniques applied at the interfaces integration with business model (economics) combinational chemistry at the interface with other disciplines reduction of wastes... 

Optimal reactor design is critical for the effectiveness and economic viability of AOPs. The WAO process poses significant challenges to chemical reactor engineering and design, due to the (i) multiphase nature of WAO reactions (ii) temperatures and pressures of the reaction and (iii) radical reaction mechanism. In multiphase reactors, complex relationships are present between parameters such as chemical kinetics, thermodynamics, interphase/intraphase intraparticle mass transport, flow patterns, and hydrodynamics influencing reactant mass transfer. Complex models of WAO are necessary to take into account the influence of catalyst wetting, the interface mass-transfer coefficients, the intraparticle effective diffusion coefficient, and the axial dispersion coefficient. " ... 

By comparison, graft copolymers are usually easier and more economical to manufacture [9], so they are generally preferred in industry. Theoretically, while grafted side-chains should be readily available at the interface, they would block accessibility to the backbone, so it could not contact and penetrate its desired phase efficiently [6, 9]. Despite this theoretical handicap, graft copolymers have often proved to be very effective compatibilizers in practice. This simply indicates that our theoretical modelling requires greater sophistication. 

This brochure contains over 100 full-color pages of the latest state-of-the art products from the company s automation line including programmable logic controllers, smart relays, enclosures, process measurement and control devices, motion control sensors, human machine interface, pushbuttons, proximity sensors, relays and timers, and wire connections. Also included is a user-friendly index for easy product search, economical choices, popular models, and accessories. 

The intent of this chapter is to motivate and draw attention to the need of further research in this kind of decision problems, which are interfacing SC operations and marketing functions. A MINLP model simultaneously considering SC design/retrofitting, financial and marketing decisions is presented. A performance comparison with the traditional sequential decision approach is carried out, demonstrating the economic benefits that the holistic approach can provide. The aim is... 

To perform the techno-economic analysis, a permeation model implemented in FORTRAN was interfaced with the process design software Aspen Plus. A summary of the respective model equations is available elsewhere. The model has been validated with experimental data. Most engineering studies on post-combusion CO2 capture are based on model assumptions that are very similar or even identical to those in this work. " ... 

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