Ecological cost

In the analysis of material production, the utilization efficiency of nonrenewable domestic natural resources can be defined as 

The use of an augmentation device results in an improved heat transfer coefficient, thus reducing exergy destruction due to convective heat transfer however, exergy destruction due to frictional effects may increase. The exergy destruction number Nx is the ratio of the nondimensional exergy destruction number of the augmented system to that of the 

exm is the flow-exergy destruction, or irreversibility, and T0 the reference temperature. The system will be thermodynamically advantageous only if the Nx is less than unity. The exergy destruction number is widely used in second-law-based thermoeconomic analysis of thermal processes such as heat exchangers. 

Chaos due to the destruction of order is a form of environmental damage. Entropy is fundamentally a measure of chaos, while exergy is a measure of order the exergy of an ordered system is greater than that of a chaotic system. 

Resource degradation leads to exergy loss. A natural resource with exergy is in nonequilibrium state compared with the environment. 

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Steneck RS, Graham MH, Bourque BJ, Corbett D, Erlandson JM, Estes JA, Tegner MJ (2002) Kelp forest ecosystems biodiversity, stability, resilience and future. Environ Conserv 29 436-459 Strauss SY, Rudgers JA, Lau JA, Irwin RE (2002) Direct and ecological costs of resistance to herbivory. Trends Ecol Evol 17 278-284... 

Strauss SY, Rudgers JA, Lau JA, Irwin RE (2002) Direct and ecological costs of resistance to herbivory. Trends Ecol Evol 17 278-285... 

At each level of the design the feasibility of alternatives may be evaluated by means of an economic potential (EP). This index has the significance of an added value representing the difference between earnings and expenses on yearly basis. Since at the input/output level the process configuration is not known, only material costs, including auxiliary resources and ecological costs, are considered ... 

Exergy analysis may be an important tool to interrelate energy management, the environment, and sustainable development in order to improve economic and environmental assessments. Ecological cost analysis may minimize... 

The exhaustion of nonrenewable natural resources is called the index of ecological cost. To determine the domestic ecological cost imported materials and fuels is taken into account... 

The value of EF as indicator also for chemical production lies in the explicit indication that the ecosystem has a value equivalent to its ecological yield valued as it would be on commodity markets for the value of water, wood, fish or game that is purified or nurseried or generated or harbored in that ecosystem. Thus, a price can be put on the natural capital of an ecosystem based on the price of natural resources it yields each year. Therefore, EF provides the basis to estimate the ecological cost of production of a chemical that should be added to the industrial cost to develop an intrinsic cost that considers not only the product itself but also how it is produced. In Chapter 1 the need for a new model of global economy, which includes sustainability and ecosystem valuation in the value of goods, has already been discussed. 

From this comparison, it is evident that the free-market regime is not always able to ensure lower costs. Furthermore, it has to be considered that, in this regime, only what is economieally convenient is collected. For a complete comparison, one has to take into account such factors as power, ecological costs, taxes, facility maintenance, etc. 

Ph ytochemicaLs. sw aho Agmchemicab Chemicals disruption of arachidonic acid cascade. 8 ecological costs of, 12 typies of, 4... 

We never used the words innovation and quantum leap when talking of wire ropes we are talking for more than a century of use and practices of wire ropes. We have now the opportunity to think in terms of innovation and quantum leap venture since deep and ultra-deep operations in particular are forcing mine operators to face major issues in terms of ore hoisting capability, investment, operating and ecological costs. 

The production, conversion, and utilization of energy may lead to ecological cost that includes environmental problems, sueh as air and water pollution, impact on the use of land and rivers, thermal pollution due to mismanagement of waste heat, and global elimate change. As an energy conservation equation, the first... 

Glawe GA, Zavala JA, Kessler A, Van Dam NM, Baldwin IT (2003) Ecological costs and benefits correlated with trypsin protease inhibitor production in Nicotiana attemiata. Ecology 84 79-90... 

Analysis of ecological costs and benefits in glucosinolates Glucosinolates are commonly described as providing resistance against insect herbivores [38,74,75]. However, this is typically... 

Heil, M. (2002) Ecological costs of induced resistance. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 5, 1-6... 

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