East European Pharmaceutical

The finished product often passes through several more countries before it reaches its final destination. It has been pointed out that the situation can be further confused when bulk pharmaceutical containers are switched so as to present the appearance of a given substance emanating from a European country when in fact it may have originated from the Far East. These situations pose problems for regulatory agencies. In Nigeria such problems have to be confronted in the future. 

The Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturing Affiliates (PhRMAG) was founded in 1999, and is based in Dubai (UAE). Its objective is to represent the pharmaceutical industry in dialogue with governments in healthcare issues and to communicate the value of innovation and research. Its membership is mainly the Middle East affiliates of European and American pharmaceutical companies that are active in the five Gulf States (Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, UAE and Oman). 

The smaller European companies evolved by concentrating on their home markets and European ones, and the Japanese likewise focused on their home market and other East Asian ones. These European and Japanese firms often licensed products from and had alliances with U.S. core companies and startup entrepreneurial firms, just as the American competitors did with European and Japanese pharmaceutical companies. Two of the Japanese companies developed from centuries-old roots. Indeed, Takeda began in 1781, and Shionogi nearly a century later in 1871. The third, Sankyo, was formed in the late nineteenth century as Japan began to industrialize and trade with Western nations. In 1898, Parke Davis penetrated Japan, employing Sankyo as its local marketer. The fourth firm, Yamanouchi, was the youngest, established in 1923. ... 

Once the pod tree [Caesalpinia spinosa) is harvested, it is washed and dried, and then the seed is removed from the pod. Following the separation, the separately ground pit shell, which is an extraordinary product, is exported as a raw material for the production of tannic acid, which is widely used in the chemical, paint, and high-quality fur industries and pharmaceuticals. The seeds, or the pips, after undergoing a thermal-mechanical process, result in a gum from the endosperm, which is an alternative to the traditional rubber in the global food industry, pharmaceuticals, paints, and varnishes, among others. This gum has been approved by resolution of September 26, 1996 (ECC N° E-417) by the European Community for use as a thickener and stabilizer in food for human consumption. Thus came into picture the global market for food hydrocolloids as an alternative product to the locust bean gum, produced in Spain and the Middle East. 

Morphine, the principle pharmaceutical, is gained more cheaply from straw after harvesting, especially in the USSR. P. is harvested by combine (- harvesting), and the tiny seeds are expelled and solvent-extracted. The oil content varies between 36 and 50%. Main producing countries are the USSR, China, India, Turkey, Czech Republic and several South East Asian countries. For baking and as bird seed, p. is also grown in some European countries and in North America. 

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