Earthquake models

Bielak, J., Loukakis, K., Hisada, Y. Yoshimura, C. 2003. Domain reduction method for three-dimensional earthquake modeling in localized regions, part I Theory. Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 93(2) 817-824. 

FEMA-National Institute of Building Sciences. HAZUS-MH MRl. 2003. Multi-hazard Loss Estimation Methodology Earthquake Model. Washington, DC. 

The effects of the statistical uncertainties of the loading and system parameters on the mean exceedance rate of a particular threshold are investigated for a linear SDOF-system with viscous damping. For this purpose the structural loading is described by the well-known stationary Kanai-Tajimi-earthquake-model. The analysis is simplified by utilizing an approximate solution for the threshold-crossing rate, for which the error with respect to the exact solution is shown to be small. Each of the parameters involved in the expression for the mean exceedance rate of the stationary response of the structure is considered a random variable. The respective effects of the statistical uncertainties of the parameters on the threshold-crossing rate, as expressed by the first- and second moments, are shown explicitely in the numerical examples. 

Ahmadi, G., Generation of Artificial Time-histories Compatible with Given Response Spectra A Review, SM Archives 4 (1979), pp. 207-239. Lin, Y.K. and Yong, Y., Evolutionary Kanai-Tajimi Earthquake Models, J. Engng. Mech. Div., ASCE, 113 (1987), pp. 1119-1187. 

The Global Earthquake Model (GEM) developed a global building taxonomy aiming to represent all the building types around the globe (Brezev et al. 2013 Gallagher et al. 2013) by... 

Like the G-R relationship, the new earthquake model on the basis of the Weibull distribution is an empirical relation, without physical indications to why the earthquake s size should be a random variable following such a mathematical function. In other words, the model parameters (i.e., a and jS) hold no physical explanations or meanings to earthquake mechanisms, although this statistical model provide a very satisfactory fit to the earthquake data around Taiwan. After all, it was still a statistical study or curve fitting, which was not an analytical study derived with basic laws of physics. 

Komatitsch D, Michea D, Erlebacher G (2009) Porting a high-order finite-element earthquake modeling application to NVIDIA graphics cards using CUDA. J Parallel Distrib Comput 69 451 60... 

The Characteristic Earthquake Model The characteristic earthquake model was first proposed by Youngs and Coppersmith (1985). In addition to earthquake parameters, the model represents the seismicity rate by incorporating geological and geomorphological information. The cumulative annual rate for a magnitude larger or equal to m can be represented as follows ... 

In a comparison with the truncated exponential model, the characteristic earthquake model predicted lower rates for smaller magnitudes, whereas higher rates were predicted for larger magnitudes (Youngs and Coppersmith 1985). 

To implement the characteristic earthquake model for PSHA, the cumulative annual rate should be in form of the rate 2 (w,) (Eq. 2) between the magnitude bins of w, dm/2, which can be represented as follows ... 

Stramondo S, Tesauro M, Briole P, Sansosti E, Salvi S, Lanari R, Anzidei M, Baldi P, Fomaro G, Avallone A, Buongiomo MF, Franceschetti G, Boschi E (1999) The September 26, 1997 Colfiorito, Italy, earthquakes modeled coseismic surface displacement from SAR interferometry and GPS. Geophys Res Lett 26(7) 883-886... 

Artificial accelerograms Earthquake modelling Gaussian process Nonstationary earthquakes Simulation Stochastic Spectrum compatible... 

In 1985, Applied Technology Council (ATC) first published a comprehensive report (ATC-13 1985) to estimate the earthquake loss of existing buildings by developing a suite of VFs based on expert opinions. ATC considered this approach since very limited earthquake damage or loss data were available at that time. The report developed earthquake loss estimates as a function of Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) for different facility classes (e.g., low-rise wood frame). Recently, Global Earthquake Model (GEM) project has also followed a similar approach (Jaiswal et al. 2013) for developing VFs. 

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