Building Types

The roofing market size is geaerally reported by building type rather than by roofing material type, ie, residential and commercial. The total roofing market ia 1990 was 11.6 biUioa commercial and 5.1 biUion residential for a total of 16.7 biUion including labor. Labor is iacluded because ia most cases the finished product is produced oa site. Of the total, 59% was asphalt roofing with 81% of that based ia the resideatial market and 19% ia the commercial markets. 

Following an accident, tlie effects on individuals able to escape or remain in a shelter (or equivalent) differ from tliose for people in Uie open. Factors to consider in relation to building types and human beliavior include ... 

Building type Ground Exposed Semi-exposed Roofs... 

Evaluation of risk to buildings in process plants will usually identify a wide range of possible risk values. This is because of the wide range of building types, occupancy, function, and location, as well as the variety of processes and materials that may be involved. Those buildings that meet applicable... 

It should be noted that consequence screening is performed without regard to the likelihood of an event s occurring. As a result, consequence screening does not determine risk. Furthermore, the consequence evaluation performed may not represent a detailed evaluation of consequences to the process plant. Instead, it is an approximation of expected consequences, given an estimate of potential blast overpressure and anticipated response of representative building types. The user should not mistake this evaluation for a detailed consequence assessment. 

Process Unit Building No. Side-on Overpressure (psi) Incident Frequency Building Type Occupant Vulner- ability Fractional Time of Attendance Individual 1 Risk I... 

Assy2. Build type models of each component, reverse-engineering if necessary. 

Factors to consider in relation to building types and human beliavior include ... 

Building type Number of buildings Number of Samples Asbestos structure and fiber concentrations Optical equivalents Asbestos structures (f/mL) Fibers " (f/mL) (f/mL)" ... 

The final step in the process illustrated in Figure 3 is the aggregation over building components, building types, and the 5 km. grids, to estimate total damages in each of the four cities. 

The results are summarized in Table II. Monetary estimates of annual damages are shown by city as a function of material, building type and pollutant source. The estimates are presented in range form using the assumptions listed in Table I. Essentially, three main sources of uncertainty are captured in the range estimates uncertain physical damages, an uncertain split between carbonate and silicate paint extenders, and uncertain maintenance and replacement costs. 

Table 3.1-2. TVOC concentrations derived for different building types (Brown et al., 1994).

Selection of Building Types. The chemical plant has relatively simple building requirements which can be classified as follows ... 

There are many building types which can be specified by the architect-design group to meet the above requirements, but these fall arbitrarily... 

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