Earlier Protocols and the Recent Race

STEM CELL-DERIVED RENAL CELLS AND PREDICTIVE RENAL IN VITRO MODELS 

Activin A, CHIR, BMP7 Serum-free single ceU, single-ceU and colony methods 

A race on the generation of stem cell-derived renal cells started in 2013. In January 2013 a protocol for the differentiation of hiPSC or hESC into IM was published (Mae et al., 2013). Odd-skipped related (OSR)l was used as the main IM marker, and up to 90% OSRO cells were obtained. More differentiated renal cell types were only obtained at low frequency, which was not sufficient for use of these cells in any application, including in vitro toxicology (Mae et al., 2013). However, briefly afterward the first protocol for the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) into mature renal cells was published (Narayanan et al., 2013). This protocol was based on hESC, and the differentiated hESC-derived cells exhibited many features of HPTC and were therefore called HPTC-like cells. The hESC-derived HPTC-like cells were then directly used for the development of the first stem cell-based renal in vitro model for the prediction of DIN (Li et al., 2014). (This in vitro model will be described in more detail in the following.) Later in 2013 the race on the generation of stem cell-derived renal cells continued and various alternative protocols were developed (Lam et al., 2014 Xia et al., 2013 Kang and Han, 2014 Taguchi et al., 2014 Takasato et al., 2014) (Fig. 23.1). 

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