E strains

For many problems it is convenient to separate the piezoelectric (i.e., strain induced) polarization P from electric-field-induced polarizations by defining D = P + fi , where s is the permittivity tensor. For uniaxial strain and electric field along the 1 axis, when the material is described by Eq. (4.1) with the E term omitted. 

The time segment of the creep test is common to all materials, i.e., strains are recorded until the specimen ruptures or the specimen is no longer useful because of yielding. In either case, a point of failure of the test specimen has been reached. 

The zero-field spin Hamiltonian parameters, D and E, are assumed to be distributed according to a normal distribution with standard deviations oD and aE, which we will express as a percentage of the average values (D) and (E). -Strain itself is not expected to be of significance, because the shape of high-spin spectra in the weak-field limit is dominated by the zero-field interaction. 

Figure 1 Schematic diagrams of various types of tensile tests F, force e strain or elongation.

All the strains involved in APEO degradation were of marine origin (i.e. strains requiring sodium). It seems that in the marine environment, the role of freshwater strains originating from sewage is negligible. 

Spores may be transferred from soil and plants to the sea via rainwater, causing the prevalence in coastal waters of the same C. botulinum types as on the land. Such a correlation was observed in Great Britain, where the type B predominates both in soil and in bottom sediments. Similarly, 71% of fish and bottom-sediment samples collected in southern France were contaminated with type B, while C. botulinum type E was found only in 9.6% of samples (Each et al., 2002). However, it is commonly believed that non-proteolytic type E is characteristic for the marine environment. A distinguishing feature of type E strains is the ability to grow in low temperatures (about 3°C), which are typical for bottom layers of seas and oceans. Moreover, the bottom sediments provide anaerobic conditions for the outgrowth of Clostridium. Therefore, the marine environment promotes C. botulinum type E distribution. This has been further supported by the rate of fish and seafood contamination fish and seafood isolated in many countries are most frequently contaminated with C. botulinum type E (Dodds, 1993 a,b). Furthermore, epidemiological studies have shown that the majority of botulism cases linked to fish and seafood consumption reported between 1950 and 1996 in the U.S. were caused by C. botulinum type E (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 1998). C. botulinum type F,... 

S. aureus is divided into six biotypes, based on its presence in humans and animals (Devriese, 1984 Hennekinne et ah, 2003). The most frequent SEs are produced by a biotype A (human isolates of S. aureus) followed by a biotype C (isolated from cases of bovine and ovine mastitis). SEs may be also produced by S. intermedius and S. hicus (biotype E). Strains of poultry-like avian biotype (frequent among nasal carriers, e.g., food-industry workers) do not produce SEs (Isigidi et ah, 1992). SEs are not destroyed by heating at 100°C for 30 minutes - this is the most important aspect of their potential occurrence in food products. 

Experiments on recovery of dynamic functions after the application of large strain amplitude perturbation were performed to understand the modulus recovery kinetics. To determine the recovery kinetics, samples underwent the following test sequences (a) frequency sweep, (b) strain sweep, (c) relaxation time of 2 min, (d) frequency sweep, (e) strain sweep, (f) relaxation time of 2 min, (g) frequency sweep, and (h) strain sweep [50]. Figure 7 shows the comparative subsequent strain sweep results performed immediately after a relaxation time of... 

E Strain rate tensor (second-order tensor) 1/s... 

The area under the plot Fig. 2.6 between both curves of the circle is a hysteresis loop and represent the amount of energy lost, expressed as heat, in loading and unloading cycle and can be represented by ads where [Pg.51]

Dyer, F. F., L. C. Bate, and J. E. Strain Three-Dimensionally Rotating Sample Holder for 14-Million Electron Volt Neutron Irradiations. Anal. Chem. 39, 1907 (1967). 

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