E-beam irradiation

Radiation decontamination of meat was first commercially implemented in Brittany, France, when e-beam irradiation treatment was established for frozen slabs of mechanically separated chicken meat [57,58]. 

The loss of halogen in the irradiated areas, as expected, leads to a dramatic drop in conductivity. The TTF halide films have conductivities on the order of 10-20/ohm-cm. Irradiation causes the conductivity to drop by over 9 orders of magnitude. High conductivity of the initial resist films is a useful property since it prevents static charge build upon E-beam irradiation which can lead to concomitant loss of image resolution. 

It should be noted that AM is only a measure of an apparent crosslink density of compounds. It is beyond the scope of the present work to investigate in detail the effective crosslinking (physical and chemical). However, for a qualitative assessment it can be concluded that the apparent crosslink density decreases or is influenced by the E-beam irradiation of PTFE powder. PTFE500kGy-EPDM composites show much lower AM and hence lower apparent crosslink densities. It can be inferred that the state of cure and crosslinking efficiency are strongly dependent on irradiation dose. Table 3 shows the optimum curing time (f90, time required to reach 90% of the AM) as a function of PTFE loading and irradiation dose for different PTFE-filled EPDM composites. 

Figure 21 shows the tensile strength at break as a function of PTFE loading for different PTFE-EPDM composites containing E-beam-irradiated or nonirradiated PTFE powder, in comparison with the EPDM gum. 

The combination of factors described above result in a situation where isotope irradiations are usually used to do research, and those results are used for scale-up to process e-beam irradiations. 

Table 4 Pseudo-First-Order Dose Constants for the e-Beam Irradiation of Aromatic Compounds in Water (1) and Wastewater (2)... 

Another application of direct e-beam irradiation is given in [20]. In this paper, non-ferromagnetic Co-C thin films were magnetically patterned using a focused electron beam with a probe diameter of less than 0.1 pm. The... 

In Fig. 4(A) it can be seen that the AFM dot size is almost independent on the dwell time (e-beam irradiation time) while the magnetic dot diameter (MFM) increases almost linearly with the square root of the dwell time. 

To reduce these effects, LDPE samples were cross-linked by e-beam irradiation and then subjected to the photosulfonation process. Compared to standard LDPE, crosslinked LDPE displayed a higher content of — SO3H groups and higher surface polarity after photosulfonation. This was evidenced both by zeta potential and contact angle measurements. It is thus demonstrated that sample pretreatment by crosslinking provides more stable surfaces which maintain their polar properties during water contact. This is explained by a lower amount of extractable components as a result of radiation-induced network formation. 

The aim of the present study was a closer investigation of the properties of LDPE surfaces subjected to photosulfonation processes. Until today no zeta potential studies had been carried out on photosulfonated LDPE. In the present investigation such modified LDPE surfaces were characterized by FTIR spectra, contact angle testing and zeta potential measurements were carried out. To improve the stability of modified LDPE surfaces, polyethylene samples were crosslinked by e-beam irradiation and... 

LDPE samples were crosslinked by e-beam irradiation under inert gas conditions and then extracted exhaustively with m-xylene. Prior to photosulfonation, the cross-linked polyethylene samples were also analyzed with respect to the identity and purity by FTIR-spectroscopy. The FTIR spectrum (see Fig. 9) is virtually identical with that of not cross-linked LDPE and no oxidation products (e.g. carbonyl groups, 1720 cm-1) could be detected. 

Electron beam (e-beam) irradiation of polymeric materials into specific micropatterns has been used to investigate the adhesive nature... 

The authors wish to thank T. G. Melone and C. Lochstampfor for e-beam irradiations, A. Kornblit for sample oxygen RIE determinations, and H. Luftman for Auger analyses. 

Figure 6. Dye decoloration. Aqueous N2O saturated solutions ofa dye (Apollofix-Red 0.25 pmol D ) are E-beam irradiated with increasing doses the reaction with OH destroys the color centers. This Is shown both by a progressive weakening of the absorbance of samples (spectra) with dose (0-3 kGy) and also by a progressive increasing of their transparence (photographs below the spectra). The inset shows the decoloration-dose curve at530nm.

Very limited work has also been done on the difference between exposure to low flux Co-60 source irradiation and exposure to E-beam radiation of HDPE ( ) Results have indicated that the surface of the material is affected differently by E-beam than by similar doses of Co-60, It appears that the E-beam irradiated surface is more susceptible to stress cracking and embrittlement than that of the Co-60 irradiated surface. 

Figure 11. Overlapping FT-IR spectra of an Ultem film obtained before and after e-beam irradiation to a dose of 18.5 MGy at 503 K.

FIG. 1. Calorimetries collected during the e-beam irradiation of the resin. 

Fig. 14 Preparation scheme of a patterned PVME structure on silicon substrate by e-beam irradiation through a PE mask.

Polymer-protected noble metallic colloids can be prepared by the one-step radiation-induced reduction of aqueous metallic ions with 2-propanol using y-irradiator or e-beam irradiator (see. Figures 19.1 and 19.2). In an aqueous solution, water molecules absorb the irradiation energy and generate many reactive species, such as solvated electrons (e q"), H, and OH" Equation 19.1... 

FIGURE 19.6 TEM images of the Pt-Ru/earbon black catalysts prepared by y-irradiation (a) and e-beam irradiation (b). 

In this section, we introduce post-synthetic treatments that enable further modification of the physical properties such as the structural, electrical, and optical properties of the as-prepared light-emitting polymer nanostructures. Of the various methods of controlling the intrinsic characteristics of nanostructures, we discuss the electrochemical doping and dedoping process using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and unfocused electron (E)-beam irradiation. Hydrothermal treatment of undoped NPs is presented, which involves application of external pressure and heat to NPs. Finally, we describe hybridization with nanoscale... 

Raj et al. °" have compared the efficiency of microwave and e-beam irradiations to stabilize the interface of various partially miscible or nonmiscible blends polystyrene (PS)/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), PP/acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)/poly(styrene acrylonitrile) (SAN). For this purpose, they used positron annihilation lifetime measurements, and they considered particularly a hydrodynamic interaction parameter a. This... 

PS, and PET. The content of each polymer was 24, 23, 21, 15, and 17 wt%, respectively. This composition was considered close to that of packaging plastic waste being dumped in Poland. E-beam irradiation was combined... 

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