Dysprosium spectra

Different lanthanide metals also produce different emission spectrums and different intensities of luminescence at their emission maximums. Therefore, the relative sensitivity of time-resolved fluorescence also is dependent on the particular lanthanide element complexed in the chelate. The most popular metals along with the order of brightness for lanthanide chelate fluorescence are europium(III) > terbium(III) > samarium(III) > dysprosium(III). For instance, Huhtinen et al. (2005) found that lanthanide chelate nanoparticles used in the detection of human prostate antigen produced relative signals for detection using europium, terbium, samarium, and dysprosium of approximately 1.0 0.67 0.16 0.01, respectively. The emission... 

Dysprosium activated minerals have liuninescence in the visible part of the spectrum. The spectra of Dy + in minerals are mainly characterized by narrow fines near 480 and 575 nm, accompanied by the weaker ones near 660 and 752 nm corresponding to transitions from level F j2 to the levels of multiplets Hj and (Tarashchan 1978). Consequently, the spectra are not changed with delay time and excitation energy and all luminescence fines of Dy " are characterized by decay time. The best excitation at 350 nm is connected with 4/-4/ ffi5/2- G7 2 transition. Such liuninescence is detected in... 

Lanthanide bromides and iodides have found important applications in a completely different field. They are added as additives in high-pressure discharge lamps in the lighting industry to improve the arc stability and the colour quality. The latter is due to the contribution of the multiline spectrum of the doped rare earths which are added to the salt mixture. Lanthanide trihalides of dysprosium, holmium, thullium, gadolinium and lutetium are used frequently for this purpose (Hilpert and Niemann, 1997). 

Dysprosium(III) with f9 has 73 multiplet terms with 6Hi5/2 as the ground state. Crystal spectrum of DyCb in LaCb matrix has been analyzed and the calculated and observed energy levels use the following parameters A9(r2) 91.30 cm-1, A (r4) — 38.97 cm-1, Ag r6) — 23.17 cm-1, Ag(r6) 257.8 cm-1. The energy levels of Dy3+ in LaCl3 are given... 

Yttrium is one of the most abundant rare earth elements and its purification is easily accomplished. Yttrium fractions from a bromate series are freed from dysprosium, holmium, and erbium by fractional precipitation with ammonia, K2OO4, or NaNC>2. The latter is probably the most effective. Yttrium salts give no absorption lines ini the viable portion of the spectrum, consequently the removal of holmium and erbium is easily observed by the direct vision spectroscope. 

Dysprosium ions Dy3+ can also be populated by direct absorption in the near U.V. part and blue part of the spectrum, or by energy transfer from U02+. The radiative transitions probabilities and branching ratios of Dy for tellurite and phosphate glasses have been calculated and measured51 and the corresponding values are given in Table 3. 

Figure 14. Structure of the 5988.56-A line of neutral dysprosium (b) spectrum with mass spectrometer set to detect dysprosium-161 photoions (c) spectrum with mass spectrometer set to detect dysprosium-163 photoions (d) photoionization spectrum without mass selection. The strongest two peaks in (d) correspond to dysprosium-162 and dysprosium-164 transitions (11).

The spectra of dysprosium aluminium garnet (DyAlG) show similar effects to DyCrOs, with a resolved magnetic spectrum below 20 K which does not change on passing through the N6el point at 2-49 K [100]. The relaxation time decreases from 10 ns at 4-2 K to 3 ns at 20 K. 

It is unquestionable that dysprosium was discovered (1886) by de Boisbaudran alone. Having prepared sufficiently pure holmium , the scientist thoroughly studied its spectrum and discovered two new lines which pointed to the presence of an unknown element. After multiple recrystallizations he separated the impurity thus, dysprosium was discovered, as well as holmium. Its name originates from the Greek for difficult to obtain . The name is symbolic since it is characteristic of the REEs history. 

Figure 3 Li NMR spectra of astrocytomas on microcarrier beads in a buffer containing dysprosium tripolyphosphate shift reagent. Each spectrum is the sum of 48 acquisitions recorded at 194 MHz, [Li+]out= 10 Reprinted from Bramham J, Carter AN and Riddell FG Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry 273-284, copyright 1996, with permission from Elsevier Science.

The lanthanide ions, particularly those near the middle of the series, samarium, europium, terbium, and dysprosium, form complexes that often emit visible radiation when excited in the near-ultraviolet. This emission spectrum can be analyzed by essentially the same procedure as for the absorption spectrum except that the nature of the emission process will generally yield additional information concerning the ground multiplet of the ion. The technique can be applied to solutions and solids but in solution various processes operate to reduce the intensity of the emitted light and to broaden the bands which can result in a reduction of the amount of information that can be obtained. 

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