Dynamics of solid-state

The ability to create and observe coherent dynamics in heterostructures offers the intriguing possibility to control the dynamics of the charge carriers. Recent experiments have shown that control in such systems is indeed possible. For example, phase-locked laser pulses can be used to coherently amplify or suppress THz radiation in a coupled quantum well [5]. The direction of a photocurrent can be controlled by exciting a structure with a laser field and its second harmonic, and then varying the phase difference between the two fields [8,9]. Phase-locked pulses tuned to excitonic resonances allow population control and coherent destruction of heavy hole wave packets [10]. Complex filters can be designed to enhance specific characteristics of the THz emission [11,12]. These experiments are impressive demonstrations of the ability to control the microscopic and macroscopic dynamics of solid-state systems. 

The high temperature XRPD technique can be used to investigate the dynamics of solid-state ion exchange of zeolites. Data suggest that the rate of Cd2+ ion transport in the zeolite Y micropores controls the rate of the solid-state ion exchange. 

Tsai, A.M., Neumann, D.A., and Bell, L.N. (2000) Molecular dynamics of solid-state lysozyme as affected by glycerol and water a neutron scattering study, Biophys. J. 79, 2728-2732. 

Bak, T, Nowotny, J., Rekas, M. and Sorrell, C.C. (2002) Dynamics of solid-state cell for CO2 monitoring. Solid State Ionics, 152-153, 823-6. 

Crosslinked polymer networks formed from multifunctional acrylates are completely insoluble. Consequently, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy becomes an attractive method to determine the degree of crosslinking of such polymers (1-4). Solid-state NMR spectroscopy has been used to study the homopolymerization kinetics of various diacrylates and to distinguish between constrained and unconstrained, or unreacted double bonds in polymers (5,6). Solid-state NMR techniques can also be used to determine the domain sizes of different polymer phases and to determine the presence of microgels within a poly multiacrylate sample (7). The results of solid-state NMR experiments have also been correlated to dynamic mechanical analysis measurements of the glass transition (1,8,9) of various polydiacrylates. 

Adler, Hauser, Vef, Spiering and Giitlich (1989) Dynamics of spin state conversion processes in the solid state [228]. 

In this review we focus on the detailed side chain dynamic of PBLG and racemic PBG deuterated at several positions in a side chain by means of solid state 2H NMR. The brief description of the 2H NMR parameters used... 

Boulon G (1987) In DiBartolo B (ed) Spectroscopy of solid-state laser-type materials. Plenum Press, NY, pp. 223-266 Boulon G (1997) In DiBartolo B (ed) Spectroscopy and dynamics of Collective Excitations in Solids. Plenum Press, NY Brenier A, Suchocki A, Pedrini C, Boulon G, Made C (1992) Phys Rev B 46 3219-3227... 

The work reported from author s laboratory has been carried out by a number of collaborators in Hamamatsu and Prof. Masahiro Sokabe, Nagoya University Medical School. I am grateful to them for their enthusiasm and patience. The author is grateful for financial support provided by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Basic Subject B (No. 06453214) and on Priority-Area-Research Photoreaction Dynamics and Solid State Ionics from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan. 

Another interesting possibility is die use of plane waves as basis sets in periodic infinite systems (e.g., metals, crystalline solids, or liquids represented using periodic boundary conditions). "While it takes an enormous number of plane waves to properly represent the decidedly aperiodic densities that are possible within the unit cells of interesting chemical systems, the necessary integrals are particularly simple to solve, and dius diis approach sees considerable use in dynamics and solid-state physics (Dovesi et al. 2000). 

This monograph deals with kinetics, not with dynamics. Dynamics, the local (coupled) motion of lattice constituents (or structure elements) due to their thermal energy is the prerequisite of solid state kinetics. Dynamics can explain the nature and magnitude of rate constants and transport coefficients from a fundamental point of view. Kinetics, on the other hand, deal with the course of processes, expressed in terms of concentration and structure, in space and time. The formal treatment of kinetics is basically phenomenological, but it often needs detailed atomistic modeling in order to construct an appropriate formal frame (e.g., the partial differential equations in space and time). 

The aim of this chapter is to clarify the conditions for which chemical kinetics can be correctly applied to the description of solid state processes. Kinetics describes the evolution in time of a non-equilibrium many-particle system towards equilibrium (or steady state) in terms of macroscopic parameters. Dynamics, on the other hand, describes the local motion of the individual particles of this ensemble. This motion can be uncorrelated (single particle vibration, jump) or it can be correlated (e.g., through non-localized phonons). Local motions, as described by dynamics, are necessary prerequisites for the thermally activated jumps responsible for the movements over macroscopic distances which we ultimately categorize as transport and solid state reaction.. 

Nuclei provide a large number of spectroscopic probes for the investigation of solid state reaction kinetics. At the same time these probes allow us to look into the atomic dynamics under in-situ conditions. However, the experimental and theoretical methods needed to obtain relevant results in chemical kinetics, and particularly in atomic dynamics, are rather laborious. Due to characteristic hyperfine interactions, nuclear spectroscopies can, in principle, identify atomic particles and furthermore distinguish between different SE s of the same chemical component on different lattice sites. In addition to the analytical aspect of these techniques, nuclear spectroscopy informs about the microscopic motion of the nuclear probes. In Table 16-2 the time windows for the different methods are outlined. 

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