Duty ratio

The movement is processive, kinesin motors typically taking 100 steps before dissociating from the microtubule.201 2123 Kinesin is bound to the microtubule continuously. Its duty ratio is nearly 1.0 (the same is true for the bacterial flagellar motor ... 

Fig. 19-4).212b However, single kinesin heads, which lack the coiled-coil neck region, have a duty ratio of <0.45. The movement is nonpro-cessive.213 The Ned motor is also nonprocessive.214-216 As mentioned previously, the Ned and kinesin motor domains are at opposite ends of the peptide chain, and the motors move in opposite directions along microtubules.217 218 The critical difference between the two motor molecules was found in the neck domains, which gave rise to differing symmetries in the two heads.219 The latter are shown in Fig. 19-20, in which they have been docked onto the tubulin protofilament structure.

The duty ratio DR is defined as the fraction of the total duration Tj, of the basis sequence 5 during which a nonzero rf field is irradiated. 

W.S. Ryu, R.M. Berry, and H.C. Berg. 2000. Torque-generating units of the flagellar motor of Escherichia coli have a high duty ratio Nature 403 444-447. (PubMedl... 

Ryu, W. S., i3erry, R. M., and I3erg, H. G. 2000. i orque-generating units of the flagellar motor ol Ljcheric/tiu coli have a high duty ratio. Nature 403 444—447. 

The combination of tool-electrode rotation, tool shape, and optimal pulse duty ratio results in this excellent result. 

D.-J. Kim, Y. Ahn, S.-H. Lee, Y.-K. Kim Voltage pulse frequency and duty ratio effects in a electrochemical discharge microdrilling process of Pyrex glass. International Journal of Machine Tools and Manufacturing 46 (2006), p. 1064. 

A microcomputer acts as a pulse generator and sensor signal processor to pulse the sensor heater at a duty ratio of 8/1000 for an effective power consumption of 14 mW. This particular sensor is sensitive to carbon monoxide and hydrogen gas. 

Pulsed DC Power supply unit This is one of the important subsystems of the EMM semp. It provides a pulsed power supply to the workpiece (anode) and microtool (cathode) during the dissolution process. The pulse supplied consists of various parameters such as voltage amplitude, current, pulse frequency, and duty ratio. Accuracy of the machined microfeature is directly affected by the parameters of the pulse hence, pulse power specifications plays a major role in EMM. 

Pulse-on and off ratio is considered in the form of duty factor or duty ratio. It can be expressed as follows ... 

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