Duplicated genes

Lereher MJ, Blumenthal T, Elurst LD. Co-expression of neighboring genes in Caenorhabditis elegans is mostly due to operons and duplicate genes. Genome Res 2003 13 238-243. 

Suppressor tRNAs constitute an experimentally induced variation in the genetic code to allow the reading of what are usually termination codons, much like the naturally occurring code variations described in Box 27-2. Nonsense suppression does not completely disrupt normal information transfer in a cell, because the cell usually has several copies of each tRNA gene some of these duplicate genes are weakly expressed and account for only a minor part of the cellular pool of a particular tRNA. Suppressor mutations usually involve a minor tRNA, leaving the major tRNA to read its codon normally. 

Homeologous recombination (recombination between partially homologous sequences) has been successfully used to produce novel antibiotics and functional hybrid proteins in Streptomyces [64-66], If partially homologous sequences are placed in tandem and in the same orientation [67,68], general recombination leads to excision of the duplicated genes as well as of the sequences lying between... 

PSEUDOGENE An inactive, closely situated copy of an active gene a duplicate gene that has undergone mutation that has rendered it incapable of being properly transcribed or translated. 

Nyunoya, H., and Lusty, C. J. (1983). The carB gene of Escherichia coli a duplicated gene coding for the large subunit of carbamoyl-phosphate synthetase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 80, 4629-4633. 

Huet J, Schanbel R, Sentenac A, Zillig W (1983) Archaebacteria and eukaryotes posess DNA-dependent RNA polymerases of a common type. EMBO J 2 1291-1294 Iwabe N, Kuma KI, Hasegawa M, Osawa S, Miyara T (1989) Evolutioanry relationship of archaebacteria, eubacteria, and eukaryotes inferred from phylogenetic trees of duplicated genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86 9355-9359... 

Construction of Strains with Duplicated Genes on Nonhomologous Chromosomes... 

Force, A., Lynch, M., Pickett, F.B., Amores, A., Yan, Y., and Postlethwait., 1999, Preservation of duplicate genes by complementary, degenerative mutations. Genetics 151 1531-1545. 

These results reveal that the human capacitance to dosage imbalance is in part required due to the inefficiency of the selection pressure on duplicate genes, precluding sufficient differentiation over the evolutionary times of the latest speciations, thereby maintaining an evolutionarily related dosage imbalance. 

Gu Z, Nicolae D, Lu HH, Li W-H (2002) Rapid divergence in expression between duplicate genes inferred from microarray data. Trends Genet 18 609-613... 

Dunn s post test A statistical multiple comparison test used post hoc after certain other multiple group tests (e.g. Kruskal-U llis) to narrow down which groups are significantly different from which other groups, duodenal ulcer See peptic ulcer, duplicate genes Two identical genes that display the same phenotypic action, but occur on different chromosomes. 

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