Ductal carcinoma in-situ

Luzzi V, Holtschlag V, Watson MA. 2001. Expression profiling of ductal carcinoma in situ by laser capture microdissection and high density oligonucleotides arrays. Am J Pathol 158 2005. 

Fig. 1. Indirect in situ RT-PCR for ras mRNA in normal and neoplastic human breast tissues. (A) and (C) Negative controls for ras message. (B) Detection of ras mRNA signal in normal epithelial cells of mammary duct and lobules. (D) Detection of ras mRNA signal in neoplastic ductal epithelial cells in breast tissue with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).

For women with ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) and women at high risk for breast cancer increased risk for uterine malignancies, stroke, and pulmonary embolism,... 

Tumor heterogeneity refers to the existence of distinct subpopulations of tumor cells with specific characteristics within a single neoplasm. Breast cancer is a classic example of a heterogeneous disease. First, the term breast cancer does not itself refer to a single disease. Breast cancers include many different diseases including (but not limited to) adenomas, papillomas, invasive ductal carcinoma, ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), and lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) (6). 

Based on transcriptional profiling, Oncotype DX and MammaPrint, which will be described in details later in this section, have been developed and used in clinics. It has been shown that the gene expression-based microarray profiling offers tremendous potential to define subcategories of breast cancer, to predict disease relapse, to predict chemotherapy response, and to predict progression of ductal carcinoma in situ (7). 

Non-invasive breast carcinoma, i.e. breast carcinoma in sit, has been studied in Connecticut in 2003 by examining data on 875 cases of ductal carcinoma in situ registered between 1994 and 1998, as well as data on 999 controls. The risk of ductal carcinoma in situ was not increased in women who had ever used oral contraceptives compared... 

Bhoola, S., DeRose, P. B., and Cohen, C. 1999. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast Frequency of biomarkers according to histologic subtype. Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol. 7 108-115. 

There have been major advances in the detection of carcinoma of the breast in the past several decades. The increased use of mammography for screening and early detection has resulted in a significant increase in the diagnosis of early breast cancer and specifically ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) [92]. The number of patients found to have this lesion has grown 10-fold (from 2 to 20%) in the last decades. In the UK national health screening programme... 

The Raman spectroscopic studies on the breast (outlined above) have demonstrated discrimination between pathology groups of interest in the breast, but they have not to date demonstrated a sub-classification of ductal carcinoma in situ, over which most clinically important decisions are made for early diagnosis. Here we outline the use of Raman spectroscopic mapping and discrimination for the characterisation and classification of DCIS of the breast. 

A.J. Evans, A.R. Wilson, H.C. Burrell, I.O. Ellis, S.E. Pinder, Mammographic features of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) present on previous mammography, Clin. Radiol. 54(10), 644-646 (1999)... 

Asch, H.L., J.S. Winston, S.B. Edge, P.C. Stomper, and B.B. Asch. 1999. Down-regulation of gelsolin expression in human breast ductal carcinoma in situ with and without invasion. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 55 179-88. 

National Cancer Institute. Studying blood samples from women with breast cancer or ductal carcinoma in situ who are receiving tamoxifen. NCT00764322. http //www.clinicaltrials.gov/ ct2/show/NCT00764322 term=tamoxifen+pharmacogenomics+and+university+of+north+ca rolina rank=l... 

Engels K, Fox S, Whitehouse R, Gatter K, Harris A. Up-regulation of thymidine phosphorylase expression is associated with a discrete pattern of angiogenesis in ductal carcinomas in situ of the breast. J Pathol 1997 182 414-420. 

Schuetz CS, Bonin M, Clare SE, Nieselt K, Sotlar K, Walter M, et al. Progression-specific genes identified by expression profiling of matched ductal carcinomas in situ and invasive breast tumors, combining laser capture microdissection and oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Cancer Res 2006 66(10) 5278—5286. 

Fig. 9. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. H MR spectra (8.5 T, 37°C) of fine-needle biopsy specimens obtained from breast ductal carcinoma in situ (a) with micro-invasion present (b) without micro-invasion. Tissue sections of DCIS were taken 100 pm apart and are shown in (a) with micro-invasion present and (b) without micro-invasion. Spectra were acquired over a spectral width of 3597 Hz, 8192 data points, 256 accumulations, and relaxation delay of 2 s. Reprinted with permission from the Journal of Women s Imaging. Lippincott Williams Wilkins 2000.

Murphy, D., Hoare, S., Going, J., Mallon, E George, W Kaye, S Brown, R Black, D., and Keith, W. (1995) Characterization of extensive genetic alterations in ductal carcinoma in situ by fluorescence in situ hybridization and molecular analysis../. Natl. Cancer Inst. 87,1694-1704. 

CMF cyclophosphamide, methotrexate, fluorouracil (regimen) DCIS ductal carcinoma in situ DPS disease-free survival ER estrogen receptor... 

Frykberg ER, Bland Kl. Overview of the biology and management of ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast. Cancer 1994 74 350-361. 

Julien JP, Bijker N, Fentiman IS, et al. Radiotherapy in breast-conserving treatment for ductal carcinoma in situ First results of the EORTC randomized phase 111 trial 10853. EORTC Breast Cancer Cooperative Group and EORTC Radiotherapy Group. Lancet 2000 355 528-533. 

Fisher B, Dignam J, Wolmark N, et al. Tamoxifen in treatment of intraductal breast cancer National surgical adjuvant breast and bowel project B-24 randomised controlled trial. Lancet 1999 353 1993-2000. Houghton J, George WD, Cuzick J, et al. Radiotherapy and tamoxifen in women with completely excised ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast in the UK, Australia, and New Zealand Randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2003 362 95-102. 

Seth, A., R. Kitching, G. Landberg, J. Xu, J. Zubovits, and A. M. Burger. 2003. Gene expression profiling of ductal carcinomas in situ and invasive breast tumors. Anticancer Res 23 2043-51. 

Cytokeratin cocktail antibodies can be used to identify MECs (in addition to CK14 and CK17). However, because of the proximity of MECs to acinar cells, differentiation is difficult because these cocktails also immu-nostain acinar cells. Anti-smooth muscle actins react with stromal myofibroblasts in addition to MECs " and thus are not specific for MECs. The cross-reaction with myofibroblasts makes it difficult to identify MECs specifically, especially for ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) cases in which periductal stromal desmoplasia may exist. 

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