Drug residues environment

Touraud E, Roig B, Sumpter JP, Coetsier C (2011) Drug residues and endocrine disrupters in drinking water risk for humans Int J Hyg Environ Health 214 437-441... 

Stumpf M, Temes TA, Wdken RD, Rodrigues SV, Baumann W (1999) Polar drug residues in sewage and natural waters in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Sci Total Environ 225 135-141... 

World Health Organization, in Evaluation of Certain Veterinary Drug Residues in Food, Thirty-sixth Report of the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, Technical Report Series 799, World Health Organization, Geneva, p. 13 (1990). S.W. Mamber, and S.E. Katz, Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 50 638 (1985). 

The sources of veterinary drug residues in food are clearly more limited in variety than those of pesticides. However, little attention seems to have been given to possible contamination of the environment and hence food by animal waste products containing residues of veterinary drugs. Residues of drugs and their metabolites in faeces could, in theory at least, lead to contamination of soil and hence crops following muck spreading. 

BSC The BSC should operate continuously to ensure containment of hazardous substances. All work-zone interior surfaces with the exception of the HEPA filter-protective screen should be cleaned and sanitized carefully in the manner of the LFCB in the proper order to ensure protection of operator s garb from contaminants and cleaning residues during the cleaning process. This sequence will also prevent the transfer of drug residues to the general environment. " ... 

Cacciatore G, Bergwerff AA, Petz M, Development of screening assays for veterinary drug residues utilizing surface plasmon resonance-based biosensor, in Stephany R, Bergwerff A, eds., Proc. EuroResidue V, Natl. Inst. Public Health and the Environment and Utrecht Univ., Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2004, pp. 143-150. 

The evaluation of a number of immunoassay diagnostic kits was undertaken to determine their usefulness in a regulatory analytical laboratory environment in the food, feed and pesticide areas. Four rapid enzyme immunoassay tests for the detection of aflatoxin residues at the 20 ppb level in animal feeds were compared to the official HPLC procedure. In the pesticide area, a commercial pentachlorophenol competitive inhibition assay for residues in water was investigated as to its applicability to poultry and pork liver matrices. In addition, an ELISA screening procedure for the herbicide fusilade was developed. Modifications were incorporated into the rapid immunoband 1-2 Test procedure for the detection of motile Salmonella in various food and animal feed products resulting in quicker analysis than the standard culture method. Also, a comparative evaluation of a Quik-Card Test for sulphamethazine drug residues in pork urine, liver and muscle tissue, is described. 

E. Touraud, B. Roig, J. P. Sumpter and C. Coetsier, Drug residues and endocrine disruptors in drinking water risk for humans , Int. J. Hyg. Environ. Health, 2011, 214, 437—441. 

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents are used extensively as nonprescription drugs, and residues of these compounds have been detected ubiquitously in WWTP effluents at the pg L 1 levels, and they also frequently occur at the ng L 1 level in the aquatic environment (see [2], this volume). As a result, many researchers have focused on the degradation of these pharmaceuticals, which are one of the most studied groups of therapeutic agents in terms of fungal transformation. 

The modified terrestrial-aquatic model ecosystem described here has been found to be a useful tool in studying the environmental fate of drugs and related residues present in animal excreta used as manure. The operation of the ecosystem is relatively simple and yet it allows one to study the complex metabolic transformations of a drug or related residues in its various components. Especially interesting is the study of the degradation of a compound in the soil in the presence of microorganisms found in the animal excreta. This information is important since it eventually determines whether a compound and/ or its metabolites will bioaccumulate in the various elements of the environment. 

At the same time the FDA was attempting to deal with DES residues, the agency also recognized the fundamental strangeness of the no residue requirement. In effect, it said that if a carcinogenic animal drug could not be detected in food, the food was to be considered safe. This is odd, because it defines safety in terms of the capabilities of analytical chemistry. It is not only odd, it makes no sense whatsoever. Our ability to detect chemicals in the environment bears no relationship whatsoever to the health risks they pose. 

For drug substances from plants, examples of contaminant impurities could be herbicides, for example, diquat and glyphosate, or pesticides, for example, carbofuran and endrin, sprayed in the environment. Additionally, heavy metals or polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, if present in the soil, may be absorbed through the root systems of the plants. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, if present in the air, may be absorbed through the leaves of the plant. These contaminants will be present as residues in the drug substance if the selection, cleaning, extraction, and purification processes do not reduce or eliminate them. 

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