Drug morphological reactions

Tab. 29.6 Morphological reactions or laboratory findings resulting from hepatic damage caused by drug-induced toxicity (s. tab. 29.10)...

Both nanospheres and nanocapsules are prepared from either a polymerization reaction of dispersed monomers or from a solvent dispersion procedure using preformed polymers. In many instances, the latter procedure using preformed polymer is desirable, as potential reactions between drug and monomer are avoided and the potential toxicity of residual monomers, surfactant, and initiator is reduced [37], The final properties of nanoparticles, such as their size, morphology, drug loading, release characteristics, and biodisti-bution, are all influenced by the method of preparation [38],... 

Farm and Avnir [113] were the first to use fractal geometry to determine effects of surface morphology on drug dissolution. This was accomplished by the use of the concept of fractal reaction dimension dr [114], which is basically the effective fractal dimension of the solid particle toward a reaction (dissolution in this case). Thus, (5.7) and (5.8) were modified [113] to include surface roughness effects on the dissolution rate of drugs for the entire time course of dissolution... 

The adverse drug reactions which the standard toxicological test procedures do not aspire to recognize most of the functional side-effects. Clinical experience indicates, however, that these are much more frequent than the toxic reactions due to morphological and biochemical lesions. .. (Gerhard Zbinden 1979)... 

Classification of chemically induced hepatotoxicity is primarily based upon pattern of incidence and histopathological morphology. Intrinsic hepatotoxic drugs demonstrate a broad incidence, dose-response relationship and will usually give similar results in humans and experimental animals. The incidence of liver damage from idiosyncratic hepatotoxicants is limited to susceptible individuals and results from hypersensitivity reactions or unusual metabolic conversions that can occur due to polymorphisms in drug metabolism genes (see Chapters 11 and 13). 

Phototoxic reactions in humans occur exclusively in skin exposed to light. Then-morphology and clinical symptoms may vary in some cases a burning and painful sensation is felt during light exposure, while in others reactions such as erythema, edema, and vesiculation occur later. On the cellular level, the phototoxic reactions may involve DNA, proteins, lipids, lysosomes, mitochondria, and the plasma membrane. Phototoxic reactions can be caused by a number of drugs. Among the most common are (Harber et al., 1982) ... 

The biocatalysts obtained were evaluated with respect to the composition, morphology, activity and stability of the immobilised enzyme in the starch hydrolysis reaction. In general, two alternative methods can be used, considering the bioartificial matrix as a substrate for the enzyme (this method is used for example to drive drug release into erosion control devices), or alternatively, as in the case of this work, after blending the enzyme with a polymer, and investigating its activity against an external substrate. The apparent kinetic parameters of the reaction catalyzed by the immobilised and native enzymes were determined and compared. 

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