Drinking water directives parameters

Jorgensen, C., Buchardt, B.H., Fawell, J., and Hydes, O. (2008) Preliminary draft final report on Establishment of a list of chemical parameters for the revision of the Drinking Water Directive, ENV.D.2/ ETU/2007/0077r. 

Testing the potential of pipe materials to promote biofilm growth is needed because it may affect the taste, odor or turbidity of drinking water and may cause non compliance with microbiological water quality parameters and a risk to consumers health. Because EU Drinking Water Directive (98/83/EC) controls the water quality at the consumers tap instead of the point of supply, it is important to be assessed if the pipe material in drinking water supply systems release substances that may enhance or inhibit attached microbial growth. 

Principles for drinking water directives Types of water covered by the DWD Parameters and parametric values Parameters in DWD 98/83/EC Basis of parametric values Microbiological parameters Carcinogenic parameters Other considerations Sampling and monitoring Quality control and assurance... 

Tables 1.5 to 1.7 present a selection of chemical and indicator parameters with specified requirements according to the EU drinking water directive (Cormcil Directive 98/83/EC, 1998). In Tables 1.5 to 1.7 are listed the parameter, the parameter specific defined maximiun contaminant levels, and limits of detection (LOD).

Directorate General Environment, 2008. Final Report on Establishment of a List of Chemical Parameters for the Revision of the Drinking Water Directive. Report ENV.D2/ETU/2007/ 0077r. September. Prepared by DHI Harsholm Denmark. 

Maximal allowable concentration of total trihalomethanes, established in Drinking Water Directive, is 100 pg/dm The directive does not include allowable concentrations of specified compounds. Polish law imposes additionally the maximal allowable concentration of chloroform (30 pg/dm ). Since the chloroform is about 80% of total trihalomethanes, it is possible that the total trihalomethanes satisfy the norm whereas the maximal allowable concentration of chloroform is exceeded. Therefore the concentration of chloroform is the better quality parameter to be considered in safety models of water supply systems and it is taken as the basic parameter in definitions of quality states in further study. 

In the EU Directive on Drinking Water Quality [35], 23 individual chemical parameters have specific limits together with two group limits for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and pesticides. In the case of pesticides, no individual pesticide is permitted to exceed 0.1 pgL , and pesticides in total should not exceed 0.5 xgL" . These limits were a compromise, the original demand having been for a zero limit for pesticides in drinking water, and these standards were set, in 1998, as the effective analytical detection limit. The revision of this directive and its application to pharmaceuticals is currently under discussion, although it seems unlikely that specific limits will be set for individual pharmaceuticals [36]. 

The Mitre Model and site ranking. EPA has developed a hazard assessment model (commonly called the Mitre Model) to help rank problem hazardous waste sites for potential Superfund response. The model is a relatively simple one, with minimal data requirements. The model is designed to provide scores for actual or potential impacts on health or the environment by three routes of exposure — groundwater, surface water, or air emissions — as well as by direct contact or fire and explosion. Parameters include toxicity, quantity, physical state and persistence of the waste at a site characteristics of a potential route (to groundwater, surface water, or air) of release of the wastes, e.g., soil permeability the mode of exposure or use of the natural resource, e.g., an aquifer or surface waters used for drinking water and the target of... 

As it is neither physically nor economically feasible to test for all chemical constituents in drinking-water, monitoring efforts and resources should be carefully planned and directed at significant or key parameters. 

Drinking water standards are defined in legislation such as EC Directive 80A77S/EEC, and the parameters are based on life-time exposures. It is not realistic to expect that such standards could be maintained fully on the battlefield. It is vital to be le to supply adequate quantities of potable wat to the fighting soldier. However, with battle fronts... 

Table IV shows that distilled water, filtered and unfiltered river water, used as a drinking water supply, and a polluted creek water have consistent p-values under the set of water quality parameters described. In these p-value determinations the LLE extraction step is isolated when a sample is extracted from a water solution containing a pesticide at a suflBciently high concentration for direct analysis of the solvent or residual water phases (36).

As to the market for mineral water, the most obvious drinking-water alternative, the matter is confused hy the fact that mineral water is only partly used as a direct substitute for tap water. For example, mineral water maybe consumed instead of wine or other alcoholic drinks when dining or for specific therapeutic reasons. Moreover, in cases when mineral water is indeed used as a substitute for drinking water, the problem just described for the case of water filters again arises the existence of several different water quality parameters (taste, health risks, etc.) implies that it is not self-evident why a person chooses to substitute mineral water for tap water. These substitutability issues are illustrated in Figure 6.1. 

The municipal water supply is the same as tap water in the case of households, also referred to here as drinking water. Currently, Milan s water narrowly meets the EU standards as set by the 1980 European Commission Directive on Drinking Water Quality (80/778/EEC) and subsequently adopted in Italian law (DPR 236/88). The European Directive contains certain guidelines as well as maximum permissible concentrations for 71 parameters. The Italian interpretation includes conditions under which regional administrations can issue limited exemptions to water authorities regarding certain standards, in view of the extensive remedial measures and investment pressures created by the new standards (Funari et al.,... 

During 2007, the Commission decided to pursue revision of the 1998 Directive to accommodate concepmal and other requirements for effective implementation of EU drinking water protections. Toward that end, it sought WHO s preparation of WHO—Europe s support document, issued in October 2007 (see above WHO, 2007). In addition, it commissioned a detailed study on a list of chemical parameters for directive revision, with a final report released in September 2008 (DG Env/DHl, 2008). This report recommended retaining the 10 p,g Pb/1 standard, measured at the tap, but noted that four member states were having compliance problems, and there were problems in terms of lead connections and monitoring. 

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