Drinking Water and Sewer Systems

The forms of internal corrosion in water systems are uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, localized corrosion, concentration cell corrosion, MIC, and erosion- corrosion. 

Major internal corrosion can occur in pipes made of cast iron, ductile iron, steel, galvanized steel, and cement-based materials. Table 3.3 summarizes the types of corrosion occurring in different piping materials and the possible tap water quality problems caused by them, as described by the AWWA Research Foundation in 1996 in a reference book on internal corrosion of water distribution systems (17). 

Negative health effects can result from corrosion of lead, corrosion of copper alloys and solder in water supply systems, and corrosion of copper plumbing in potable water systems. 

TABLE 33 Corrosion and Water Qnalily Problems Caused by Materials in Contact with Drinking Water (17) 

Material Corrosion Type Tap Water Quality Deterioration 

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Utilities Utilities consist of gas, water, electricity, and telecommunications services and account for the largest portion of industrial corrosion costs. The total direct corrosion costs amount to 47.9 billion. These costs are partitioned into sectors of gas distribution, drinking water and sewer systems, electrical utilities, and telecommunications (Fig. 2.4). 

Clean Water Report (0009-8620) (1545-7435). This journal provides comprehensive coverage of drinking water and sewer systems, lakes, rivers and streams, coastal protection, tributaries and bays, as well as the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Clean Water Act, and other major legislative initiatives. It also includes articles on biosolids, pathogens, arsenic, chlorine, dioxin, and other pollutants, problems snch as flooding, silting, sedimentation, nutrients, and more. 

According to the AWWA industry database, there was in 1995 approximately 1.5 X 10 km of municipal water piping in the United States. The sewer system consisted of more than 16 thousand publicly owned treatment facilities releasing some 155 x 10 m of wastewater per day. The total annual direct cost of corrosion for the nation s drinking water and sewer systems was estimated at... 

Gino, E., Starosvetsky, J., and Armon, R. (2007). Bacteriophage ecology in a small community sewer system related to their indicative role in sewage pollution of drinking water. 

Other utility systems. Other utility systems required in a refinery are electric power distribution, instrument air, drinking water, fire, water, sewers, waste collection, and so forth. Since these are difficult to estimate without detailed drawings, the cost is normally included in the offsite facilities. 

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