Drag reduction surfactants

The concepts of boiling in micro-channels and comparison to conventional size channels are considered in Chap. 6. The mechanism of the onset of nucleate boiling is treated. Specific problems such as explosive boiling in parallel micro-channels, drag reduction and heat transfer in surfactant solutions are also considered. 

Hetsroni G, Gurevich M, Mosyak A, Rozenblit R (2004) Drag reduction and heat transfer of surfactants flowing in a capillary tube. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 47 3797-3869... 

The average Nusselt number, Nu, is presented in Fig. 4.10a,b versus the shear Reynolds number, RCsh- This dependence is qualitatively similar to water behavior for all surfactant solutions used. At a given value of Reynolds number, RCsh, the Nusselt number, Nu, increases with an increase in the shear viscosity. As discussed in Chap. 3, the use of shear viscosity for the determination of drag reduction is not a good choice. The heat transfer results also illustrate the need for a more appropriate physical parameter. In particular. Fig. 4.10a shows different behavior of the Nusselt number for water and surfactants. Figure 4.10b shows the dependence of the Nusselt number on the Peclet number. The Nusselt numbers of all solutions are in agreement with heat transfer enhancement presented in Fig. 4.8. The data in Fig. 4.10b show... 

Hetsroni G, Gurevich M, Mosyak A, Rozenblit R (2003) Surface temperature measurement of a heated capillary tube by means of an infrared technique. Meas Sci Technol 14 807-814 Hetsroni G, Gurevich M, Mosyak A, RozenbUt R (2004) Drag reduction and heat transfer of surfactants flowing in a capillary tube. Int J Heat Mass Transfer 47 3797-3809 Hetsroni G, Mosyak A, Pogrebnyak E, Yaiin LP (2005) Eluid flow in micro-channels Int J Heat Mass Transfer 48 1982-1998... 

Mechanochemical and chemical reaction engineering aspects in the break down of turbulent drag reduction of cationic surfactant solutions... 

Zakin, et al. "Variables Affecting Drag Reduction by Nonionic Surfactant Additives," Chem. Eng. Commun.. 1983, 23, 77 88. 

Macromolecular substances such as synthetics (Sellin 1982 Berman 1978), biopolymers (Hoyt 1985), or surfactants (Shenoy) have proved to be effective flow improvers . Suspended fibers and solid particles (e.g., Metzner 1977,1976 McComb 1981), however, may also produce this effect. Small suspended particles in the air ( dust ) have been found to cause drag reductions of the same order of magnitude as polymers in liquids (Rossetti). 

The non-ionic surfactants have an advantage over all the drag-reducing additives studied so far. They are both mechanically and chemically stable, do not precipitate in the presence of calcium, and hence can be used in all impure waters, sea water, brackish water, or concentrated brine solutions. They have an excellent potential for drag reduction at high temperatures. 

Ohlendorf D, Interthal W, Hoffmann H (1986) Surfactant systems for drag reduction physicochemical properties and rheological behaviour Rheol Acta 25 468... 

Gas hydrate inhibitors. Gas hydrates, solid water clathrates containing small hydrocarbons, are problematic for oil and gas production because they can precipitate and cause line blockage. Simple cationic surfactants containing at least two butyl groups were previously developed to inhibit formation of gas hydrate precipitates in gas production lines [87]. However, similar to the situation with cationic drag reduction additives, poor toxicity profiles prevent widespread commercial acceptance. Ester quaternaries with structures somewhat similar to those used in fabric care have been claimed as hydrate inhibitors [88 ]. Additionally, certain alkylether quaternary compounds, e.g. C12-C14 alkyl polyethoxy oxypropyl tributyl ammonium bromide, were shown to have hydrate inhibition properties [89]. 

Fig. 8 shows DR vs. of a typical DR cationic surfactant with counterion solution, Ci7H35N(CH3)3Cl/ 3,4-Cl-benzoate (5mM/12.5mM). Drag reduction reaches a maximum of 65%. In the effective temperature range (15-85°C), DR first increases with Arc until a critical Arc (critical wall shear stress) is reached above which it begins to lose its DR ability because of the... 

Fig. 8 Drag reduction vs. Reynolds number of a typical drag reducing cationic surfactant solution Ci7H35N(CH3)3Cl/3,4-Cl-benzoate (5 mM/12.5 mM).

Both polymer and surfactant DRAs have MDRA. Drag reduction flow data lie between the PK line and MDRA. The MDRA proposed by Virk shown in Eqs. (8) and (9) is widely acknowledged as valid for high-polymer DR. ... 

Drag reduction in turbulent flows of dilute high-polymer of surfactant solutions is a striking... 

Fontaine, A.A. Deutsch, S.T. Brungart, A. Petrie, H.L. Fenstermachker, M. Drag reduction by coupled systems microbubble injection with homogeneous polymer and surfactant solutions. Exp. Fluids 1999, 26, 397-403. 

Pollert, J. Sellin, R.J. Mechanical degradation of drag reducing polymer and surfactant additives a review. In Drag Reduction in Fluid Flows Techniques for Friction Control Sellin, R., Moses, R., Eds. Ellis Horwood West Sussex, U.K., 1989 179-188. 

Harwigsson, I. Surfactant Aggregation and Its Application to Drag Reduction. Ph.D. dissertation, Lund University, Sweden. 1995. 

Lin, Z. Chou, L-C. Lu, B. Zheng, Y. Davis, H.T. Scriven, L.E. Talmon, Y. Zakin, J.L. Experimental studies on drag reduction and rheology of mixed cationic surfactants with different alkyl chain lengths. Rheol. Acta 2000, 39, 354-359. 

Qi, Y. Investigation of relationships among microstructure, rheology, drag reduction and heat transfer of drag reducing surfactant solutions. Ph.D. dissertation. The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 2002. 

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