Douglas-fir forest

A study of the soil of a Douglas fir forest in The Netherlands spiked with 37CI -chloride demonstrated that chlorinated phenols, dibenzo-p-dioxins, and dibenzo-furans are produced naturally in the humic soil layer probably via chloroperoxidase chemistry (Scheme 3.5) (1712). Twenty polychlorinated dioxins and furans were found to be produced naturally in this study, including the highly toxic 2,3,7,8-tetra- (2246), 1,2,3,7,8-penta- (2247), and 1,2,3,7,8,9-hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (2248). The major congeners found are 4-chloro- (2249), 1,7-dichloro-... 

Hoekstra EJ, De Weerd H, De Leer EWB, Brinkman UATh (1999) Natural Formation of Chlorinated Phenols, Dibenzo-p-dioxins, and Dibenzofurans in Soil of a Douglas Fir Forest. Environ Sci Technol 33 2543... 

Figure 8. Average air temperature profiles in a 27 m Douglas fir forest. Shaded area represents vertical vegetation density.

Figure 9. Comparison of normalized wind profiles of various vegetative canopies where Z is the height above the ground, H is the height of the top of the canopy and D is wind speed. 1, dense cotton (21) 2, Douglas fir forest (19) 3, dense conifer with understory (22) 4, moderately dense conifer stand with no understory (20) 5, dense hardwood jungle with understory (23) and 6, isolated conifer stand (24).

Figure 11. Dosage intensities 10 12 (min liter ) in a horizontal plane (at 1 m) and in vertical planes along the plume center lines of fluorescent particles released in a 27 m Douglas fir forest. Isolines are in powers of 10. Release points, and plume center lines are shown and - - respectively. (a) release at 1 m (b) release at 10 m and (c) release at 20 m. Average temperature profiles and wind direction (- ) and speeds are shown for selected towers and heights. (From 20).

Riekerk, H. and Zasoski, R.J., Effects of dewatered sludge applications to a Douglas fir forest soil on the soil, leachate, and groundwater composition, in Utilization of Municipal Sewage Effluent and Sludge on Forest and Disturbed Land, Sopper, W.E. and Kerr, S.N., Eds., Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park, 1979, p. 35. 

Wildlife and Vegetation of Unmanaged Douglas-fir Forests. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-285. Pacific Northwest Forest and Range Experiment Station, Portland, OR, 1991. 

Riekeik, H., and S. P. Gessel. 1965. Mineral cycling in a Douglas fir forest stand. Health Phys. 11(12) 1363-1369. 

DeByle, N.V. 1981. Clearcutting and fire in the larch/Douglas-fir forests of western Montana — a multifaceted research summary. USDA Forest Service, General Technical Report INT-99. Intermountain Forest and Range Experiment Station, Ogden, Utah. 73 pp. 

Adams, W.T., J.H. Zuo, J.Y. Shimizu and J.C. Tappeiner. 1998. Impact of alternative regeneration methods on genetic diversity in coastal Douglas-fir. Forest Science 44 390-396. 

Carter, R.E., and K. Klinka. 1990. Relationships between growing-season soil water-deficit, mineralizable sod-nitrogen and site index of coastal Douglas-fir. Forest Ecology and Management 30 301-311. 

Ching, K.K. 1959. Hybridization between Douglas-fir and big-cone Douglas-fir. Forest Science 5 246-254. 

El-Kassaby, Y.A., and A.J. Thomson. 1996. Parental rank changes associated with seed biology and nursery practices in Douglas-fir. Forest Science 42 228-235. 

O Neill, G.A., S.N. Aitken and W.T. Adams. 2001. Quantitative genetics of spring and fall cold hardiness in seedlings from two Oregon populations of coastal Douglas-fir. Forest Ecology and Management 149 305-318. 

Leu, S.-Y., Zhu, J., Gleisner, R., Sessions, J., Marrs, G., 2013. Robust enzymatic saccharification of a Douglas-fir forest harvest residue by SPORL. Biomass and Bioenergy 59, 393-401. 

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