Dopamine transporter nicotine

Ca2+ channel Dopamine Dj Endothelin ETa Endothelin ETb Histamine H2 Muscarinic ml Muscarinic m2 Muscarinic m3 Muscarinic m4 NE transporter Nicotinic Ach NPY,... 

Drew, A.E. and Werling, L.L., Nicotinic receptor-mediated regulation of the dopamine transporter in rat prefrontocortical slices following chronic in vivo administration of nicotine, Schizophr. Res., 65, 47, 2003. 

Middleton, L.S., Cass, W.A., and Dwoskin, L.P., Nicotinic receptor modulation of dopamine transporter function in rat striatum and medial prefrontal cortex, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Then, 308, 367, 2003. 

Ling, D., Niu, T., Feng, Y., Xing, H., and Xu, X., Association between polymorphism of the dopamine transporter gene and early smoking onset an interaction risk on nicotine dependence, J. Hum. Genet., 49, 35, 2004. 

PET positron emission tomography, /V intravenous, nic nicotine, DV volume of distribution, DA dopamine. cd caudate, put putamen, SPEC single photon emission computed tomography, DAT dopamine transporter, p-CTT 2 p-catbomethoxy-3 p-(4-iodophenyl)-tropane, 5-HT serotonin... 

Bupropion is an atypical antidepressant drug that is the only nonnicotine-based prescription medicine approved for smoking cessation by the FDA. Its mechanism of action is presumed to be mediated by its capacity to block neuronal reuptake of dopamine and/or norepinephrine (Fiore et al. 2000). Relative to other antidepressants, bupropion has a relatively high affinity for the dopamine transporter (Baldessarini 2001). There is also evidence that bupropion acts as a functional nicotine antagonist, suggesting another potential mechanism by which bupropion could reduce smoking rates (Slemmer et al. 2000). 

HTxR, serotonin receptor CB1R, cannabinoid-1 DAT, dopamine transporter GABA, y-aminobutyric acid Kir3 channels, G protein-coupled inwardly rectifying potassium channels LSD, lysergic acid diethylamide i -OR, H-opioid receptor nAChR, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor NET, norepinephrine transporter NMDAR, N -methyl-D-aspartate receptor SERT, serotonin transporter VMAT, vesicular monoamine transporter indicates data not available. 

Drew AE, Derbez AE, Werling LL. 2000. Nicotinic receptor-mediated regulation of dopamine transporter activity in rat prefrontal cortex. Synapse 38 10-16. 

Drew AE, Werling LL. 2001. Protein kinase C regulation of dopamine transporter initiated by nicotinic receptor activation in slices of rat prefrontal cortex. J Neurochem 77 839-848. 

Other approaches, some of which are still in clinical development, include restoration of the acetylcholine-dopamine balance in the basal ganglia, neuronal nicotinic receptor agonists, neurotrophic immunophilins, dopamine transport inhibitors, COMT-inhibitors, and adenosine A2A receptor antagonists.162,163 Also surgical therapies are used or under development, including stereotactic thalamotomy, continuous electric thalamus stimulation,164 posteroventral pallidotomy and transplantation of embryonal substantia nigra cells. 

Reserpine acts on the dopamine transporter to cause release of the amine, so that free dopamine accumulates extracellularly. The binding appears to be non-covalent [247, 263]. (-)-Cathinone acts similarly [264]. Nicotine and, even more, some quaternary, N-methylated products of nicotine metabolism, inhibit dopamine uptake. This may help to explain why smoking relieves some symptoms of Parkinsonism [265, 266, 267]. In another way, nicotine acting on certain acetylcholine receptors evokes release of dopamine from rat striatal cells [268], Veratridine has a similar effect [142]. 

The compound lobeline has been shown to have a high affinity for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and inhibits the function of vesicular monoamine and dopamine transporters (Felpin and Lebreton 2004 Flammia et al. 1999 Reavill et al. 1990 Teng et al. 1998). In guinea pig brain homogenates, lobeline functioned as a mu opioid receptor antagonist (Miller et al. 2007). 

Jackson A, Nurse CA. Role of acetylcholine receptors and dopamine transporter in regulation of extracellular dopamine in rat carotid body cultures grown in chronic hypoxia or nicotine. J Neurochem 1998 70 653-662. 

The various stimulants have no obvious chemical relationships and do not share primary neurochemical effects, despite their similar behavioral effects. Cocaines chemical strucmre does not resemble that of caffeine, nicotine, or amphetamine. Cocaine binds to the dopamine reuptake transporter in the central nervous system, effectively inhibiting dopamine reuptake. It has similar effects on the transporters that mediate norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake. As discussed later in this chapter in the section on neurochemical actions mediating stimulant reward, dopamine is very important in the reward system of the brain the increase of dopamine associated with use of cocaine probably accounts for the high dependence potential of the drug. 

Lobeline also increases basal release of norepinephrine, but norepinephrine release may be reduced at higher lobeline concentrations (Rao et al. 1997). Unlike acetylcholine, lobeline does not reduce the release of dopamine or norepinephrine by NMDA receptors, but it does block nicotine-induced release of norepinephrine from the locus coeruleus (Gallardo and Leslie 1998). Lobeline also evokes release of serotonin, which is mediated by uptake transporters and unaffected by mecamylamine (Lendvai et al. 1996). 

Spring B, Pagoto S, et al (2003) Altered reward value of carbohydrate snacks for female smokers withdrawn from nicotine. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 76(2) 351-360 Staley JK, Krishnan-Sarin S, et al (2001) Sex differences in [ I]beta-C1T SPECT measures of dopamine and serotonin transporter availability in healthy smokers and nonsmokers. Synapse 41(4) 275-284... 

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