Dopamine receptor distribution

Ariano MA, Fisher RS, Smyk-Randall E, Sibley DR, Levine MS. 1993. D2 dopamine receptor distribution in the rodent CNS using anti-peptide antisera. Brain Res 609 71-80. 

Ariano MA, Sibley DR. 1994. Dopamine receptor distribution in the rat CNS Elucidation using anti-peptide antisera directed against D1A and D3 subtypes. Brain Res 649 95-110. 

An example of a receptor subtype that shows a similar pattern to the dopamine receptor distribution is the a2 adenosine receptor. The mRNA encoding this receptor... 

In the periphery, dopamine receptor levels are generally lower than those observed in brain, particularly in comparison to striatal dopamine receptor levels. Due to these low levels, knowledge of receptor distribution in the periphery is not yet comprehensive. Nevertheless, Dl-like receptors have been reported in the parathyroid gland and in the tubular cells of the kidney. D2-like dopamine receptors have also been observed in the kidney. In addition, dopamine D2 and D4 receptors have been found in the adrenal cortex, where they modulate aldosterone secretion. The... 

Birioukova LM, Midzyanovskaya IS, Lensu S, Tuomisto L, van Luijtelaar G. Distribution of Di-like and D2-like dopamine receptors in the brain of genetic epileptic WAG/Rij rats. Epilepsy Res 2005 63 89-96. 

Whereas inhibitors 1 and 2 and NIPP1 appear to be widely distributed in mammalian tissues, including brain, DARPP-32 shows a much more restricted distribution. The protein is enriched in discrete populations of neurons in the brain, most prominently those that express Dl-dopamine receptors (see Chs 12,46 and 54). Some neuronal cell types thus appear to contain unique species of phosphatase inhibitor proteins. The critical role played by these proteins in neuronal function is illustrated below. 

Apomorphine is an agonist at both the and D2 receptors. From the pathological viewpoint, a malfunction of the receptors has been implicated in the negative s)nnptoms of schizophrenia but as there is a close interaction between these receptor types it is difficult to conclude whether the changes seen in schizophrenia are attributable to a primary decrease in receptor function or an increase in D2 receptor function. The function of the D5 receptors is unclear these receptors, though widely distributed in the brain, are only present in a relatively low density in comparison to the other dopamine receptor types. 

Dopamine receptors include at least 4 subtypes which are concentrated in the striatum where D1 and D2 are evenly distributed and D3 is concentrated in the limbic portion, nucleus accumbens (Herroelen et al., 1994). D2 but not D1 receptors also occur throughout the cerebral cortex particularly temporal lobe, and D3 receptors are also present in lower densities in hippocampus and amygdala. D3 receptors are localised in several thalamic nuclei including the lateral geniculate, mediodorsal and anteroventral. 

Mechanism of Action An antiparkinson agent that stimulates dopamine receptors in the striatum. Therapeutic Effect Relieves signs and symptoms of Parkinson s disease. Pharmacokinetics Rapidly and extensively absorbed after PO administration. Proteinbinding 15%. Widely distributed. Steady-state concentrations achieved within 2 days. Primarily eliminated in urine. Not removed by hemodialysis. Half-life 8 hr (12 hr in patients older than 65 yr). 

Dopamine is a major neurotransmitter which acts on multiple receptors. It can activate both a and 3 adrenoceptors in addition to acting on specific dopamine receptors. These are widely distributed throughout the CNS and are also present in the renal tubules and renal and mesentric blood vessels, and many dopaminergic drugs are used in the treatment of Parkinson s disease, psychiatric disorders, as antiemetics, and for renal protection. Neuroleptic drugs, such as haloperidol and droperidol, are dopamine receptor antagonists. 

Most antipsychotic drugs are highly lipid-soluble and protein-bound (92-99%). They tend to have large volumes of distribution (usually more than 7 L/kg). They generally have a much longer clinical duration of action than would be estimated from their plasma half-lives. This is paralleled by prolonged occupancy of D2 dopamine receptors in the brain by the typical antipsychotic drugs. 

A summary of the new families of dopamine receptors and their distribution and properties is shown in Table 11.4. 

Bergson C, Mrzljak L, Smiley JF, Pappy M, Levenson R, et al. 1995. Regional, cellular, and subcellular variations in the distribution of D1 and D5 dopamine receptors in primate... 

Meador-Woodruff JH, Mansour A, Grandy DK, Damask SP, Civelli O, et al. 1992. Distribution of D5 dopamine receptor mRNA in rat brain. Neurosci Lett 145 209-212. 

Murray AM, Hyde TM, Knable MB, Herman MM, Bigelow LB, et al. 1995. Distribution of putative D4 dopamine receptors in postmortem striatum from patients with schizophrenia. J Neurosci 15 2186-2191. 

The organization and circuits of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurons and the distribution of dopamine receptors in the hrain... 

Ariano MA, Wang J, Noblett KL, Larson ER, Sibley DR (1997a) Cellular distribution of the rat D4 dopamine receptor protein in the CNS using anti-receptor antisera. Brain Res 752 26-34. 

Camps M, Cortes R, Gueye B, Probst A, Palacios JM (1989) Dopamine receptors in human brain autoradiographic distribution of D2 sites. Neurosci 25 275-290. 

Defagot MC, Malchiodi EL, Villar MJ, Antonelli MC (1997) Distribution of D4 dopamine receptor in rat brain with sequence-specific antibodies. Mol Brain Res 45 1-12. 

Meador-Woodruff JH, Mansour A, Civelli O, Watson SJ (1991a) Distribution of D2 dopamine receptor mRNA in the primate brain. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 75 885-893. 

Scibilia RJ, Lachowicz JE, Rilts CD (1992) Topographic nonoverlapping distribution of D and D2 dopamine receptors in the amygdaloid nuclear complex of the rat brain. Synapse 77 146-154. 

Schulz DW, Stanford EJ, Wyrick SW, Mailman RB (1985) Binding of [3HJSCH23390 in rat brain regional distribution and effects of assay conditions and GTP suggest interactions at a D 1-like dopamine receptor. J Neurochem 45 1601-1611. 

Seeman P, Ulpian C, Bergeron C, Riederer P, lellinger K, Gabriel E, Reynolds GP, Tourtellotte WW (1984) Bimodal distribution of dopamine receptor densities in brains of schizophrenics. Science 225 728-731. 

Subcellular distribution of dopamine receptor labeling in the postsynaptic cell... 

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