Donor milk

Human breast milk is the best nutrient for preterm infants and is often delivered via gavage feeding methods before the baby s sucking skills mature. Because sufficient quantities of the mother s fresh breast milk may not be available, milk may be frozen for later consumption or be provided by donor mothers. To protect against the risk of disease transmission, donor milk is usually pasteurized. In the present study, we assessed preterm infants responses to the odours of different categories of milk that are routinely available in neonatal intensive care nurseries. 

Motlwr s Mother s Donor Milk Fresh Milk Frozen Milk... 

Wight, N.E. (2001) Donor milk for preterm infants. J. Perinatol. 21, 249-254. 

If you re not on the West Coast, don t live near a Wal-Mart, and your doctor doesn t clear you to use toddler formula for your infant, you re going to have to do a lot of nutritional comparisons of conventional formulas. There is one other choice. Some moms take their quest for supplemental milk a step further by using donor milk from human milk banks. Donor milk is pasteurized, and some health care companies will even pay for it. To find out more, go to the Human Milk Banking Association of North America s Web site www.hmbana.org. 

Both heat treatment and freezing destroy some of the anti-infective factors in human milk the balance between bacterial, viral and immunological factors must be weighed carefully before unpasteurised donor milk (expressed breast milk, EBM) is fed to preterm, low birth weight or ill infants. 

The infants were tested for their responses to the following odour stimuli (1) their own mother s fresh breast milk (2) a thawed sample of their mother s breast milk that was stored at — 20 °C (3) breast milk contributed by several donor women that was pooled, pasteurized (heated to 63 °C for 30 min.) and frozen at — 20 °C (4) water (odourless control). 

Mes J, Davies DJ, Doucet J, et al. 1993. Levels of chlorinated hydrocarbon residues in Canadian human breast milk and their relationship to some characteristics of the donors. Food Add Contam 10(4) 429-441. 

Perchlorate Breast milk USA 457 Median 7.3/0.01-48 pg/L Donors were Dasgupta et al. [258]... 

As can be seen in Table 4.2, the fatty acids are not randomly distributed among the three positions of the TG in bovine milk. Control of esterification is not understood, but there are several factors known to affect it. The presence of glucose is known to stimulate the synthesis of milk TG (Dimmena and Emery 1981 Rao and Abraham 1975). In the mouse, Rao and Abraham concluded that glucose was supplying factors other than NADPH or acylglycerol precursors that stimulated milk fat synthesis. The fatty acid that is esterified is known to be affected by the concentration of the acyl donors present (Marshall and Knudsen 1980 Bickerstaffe and Annison 1971). However, in studies under various conditions, palmitic acid was consistently esterified at a greater rate than other fatty acids (Bauman and Davis 1974 Moore and Christie 1978 Smith and Abraham 1975). 

In many in vitro studies the acylation of the sn-3 position appears to be the rate-limiting step in TG synthesis. It has been suggested that the intracellular concentration of medium chain fatty acids may limit the final acylation reaction in TG synthesis (Dimmena and Emery 1981). Another theory is that the concentration of phosphatidate phosphatase, the enzyme that hydrolyzes the phosphate bond in phospha-tidic acid, yielding DG, may be the limiting factor (Moore and Christie 1978). The DG acyltransferase responsible for the final acylation of milk TG has been studied in mammary tissue from lactating rats (Lin et al. 1976). It was observed to be specific for the sn-1,2 DG, with very little activity observed with the sn-1,3 or sn-2,3 DG. It exhibited a broad specificity for acyl donors. The acyl-CoA specificity was not affected by the type of 1,2 DG acceptor offered, which implies that the type of fatty acid introduced into the glycerol backbone was not influenced by the specificity of subsequent acylation steps. However, the concentration of acyl donors will affect the final acylation. It was ob-... 

Studies on the transferase action of milk and intestinal phosphatases have shown that compounds such as glucose, glycerol, and propanediol can accept a phosphoryl residue from a wide variety of donors (IBS). The overall reaction is therefore transfer of a phosphoryl group from a donor of type (II) where X is F, 0, S, or N and R is H or an alkyl substituent, etc., or may even be absent, to an acceptor of type R —OH... 

We have developed a novel enzymatic reaction cycle for the synthesis of LacNAc with in situ regeneration of UDP-Glc (25) and UDP-Gal (16) (Fig. 27) [273, 275]. The unique character of sucrose synthase to generate 25 by the cleavage of sucrose (24) with UDP makes this enzyme more favourable compared with pyrophosphorylases. In this way UDP-Glc is directly regenerated and further epimerized to 16 by UDP-Glc 4-epimerase from yeast, yielding the donor substrate for human milk [11-4 GalT. In comparison to other published... 

Samples. Primate sera were obtained from the Yerkes Primate Center (Atlanta, GA). Human milk, saliva, and urine were obtained from donors and frozen at —70 °C within 15 min of receipt. Vaginal secretions were obtained on sterile swabs during routine pelvic examinations. Human kidney, liver, and pancreas were obtained from cadavers within 6 h of death and homogenized in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (pH 9.2) in a Precision Scientific tissue homogenizer. The homogenates were centrifuged for 10 min at 500 X g to pellet particulate material, and the soluble proteins were precipitated with cold acetone at a 10 1 ratio. A pellet of the precipitated proteins was obtained after 10 min of centrifugation at 500 X g and was resuspended in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer. 

Choiine. Choline is a component of many biomem-hranes and plasma phospholipids. Dietary sources include eggs. fish, liver, milk, and vegetables. These sources provide choline primarily as the phospholipid lecithin. Lecithin is hydrolyzed to glycerophosphorylcholinc by the intestinal mucosa before absorption. The liver liberates choline. Choline can be biosynthesized by humans con.sequcntly. it cannot be con.sidcred a (rue vitamin. Biosynthesis involves methylation of cthanolamine. The methyl groups arc provided by methionine or by a reaction involving vitamin B12 and folic acid. Therefore, deficiencies can occur only if all methyl donors are excluded from the diet. 

Using an enzyme isolated from human milk,key polar groups on the acceptor and donor substrates have been decoded [48,92]. The availability of larger quantities of the recombinant form of fucosyltransferase III (Lewis-enzyme, EMBL accession no. X 53578) [93] allowed evaluation of the enzyme for preparative use with non-natural substrates [56,89,94,95]. 

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