Dome, condenser

Acidic contaminants are poisonous to the alcoholysis catalysts and must be avoided. If the oil has a high acid number, or there are high acidity residues left in the reactor from the previous batch, such as sublimed phthaUc anhydride condensed under the dome of the reactor, the reaction can be severely retarded. A longer batch time or additional amount of catalyst is then required. Both are undesirable. 

In order to achieve the isothermal heat addition and isothermal heat rejection processes, the Carnot simple vapor cycle must operate inside the vapor dome. The T-S diagram of a Carnot cycle operating inside the vapor dome is shown in Fig. 2.2. Saturated water at state 2 is evaporated isothermally to state 3, where it is saturated vapor. The steam enters a turbine at state 3 and expands isentropically, producing work, until state 4 is reached. The vapor-liquid mixture would then be partially condensed isothermally until state 1 is reached. At state 1, a pump would isentropically compress the vapor-liquid mixture to state 2. 

Bose-Einstein Condensate phase of matter that is created just above absolute zero when atoms lose their individual identity Boyle s Law law that states volume of a gas is inversely related to its pressure Breeder Reactor type of nuclear reactor that creates or breeds fissionable plutonium from nonfissionable U-238 Buckministerfullerene Cg, allotrope of carbon consisting of spherical arrangement of carbon, named after architect Buckmin-ister Fuller, Invertor of geodesic dome Buffer a solution that resists a change in pH... 

This device makes it possible to sterilize the piston rod independently of the sterilization of the freeze-drying plant. The part of the piston rod that enters the chamber during the stoppering process is placed in a sterilization container, the so-called dome. This dome is equipped with a steam inlet line, condensate drain, temperature measuring point, pressure transmitter, etc. Sterilization takes place automatically in one of two possible cycles ... 

The Greek word y was used also for the dome-shaped receiver of glass placed over distilling apparatus to act as a condenser of vapors. See Borthclot, Introduction, pp. 132-134. The word thus conveys a double sense, a popular and a technical concept. 

Figure 2.8 Representative supercritical (T = 31 OK) and subcritical (T = 280K) Van der Waals isotherms for C02, showing the liquid-gas (L + G) condensation plateau (P = 52 atm) for T = 280K, and outlining the 2-phase liquid-gas coexistence dome (dotted line) topped by the critical point (x) at Tc = 304K, Pc = 73 atm.

Neon boils at a considerably lower temperature than nitrogen and usually collects in the dome of the main condenser as a noncondensable gas. It can be recovered by the addition of a side column. 

Since helium and neon have boiling points considerably below that of nitrogen, these gases will collect on the nitrogen side of the condenser-reboiler associated with the double-column air separation system. Recovery of these gases is accomplished by periodic venting of a small portion of the gas from the dome of the condenser and transfer to a small condenser-rectifier refrigerated with... 

The practice is fairly simple and basically consists of obtaining an alcoholic extract from Vegetable, Animal or Mineral subjects, and igniting the alcohol under a cooling dome or similar cooling setup that will capture the hot vapors that arise and then condensing them. 

The Na vapor, traveling at vapor velocities of roughly 8-10 m/s at 1200 K, condenses on the heat exchanger tubes in the dome (the condensing vapor heat exchanger, CVHX) and returns as liquid droplets to the pool, thus completing the cycle. In the dome, the CVHX transfers the thermal energy out of the module to various chemical processors located some distance from the reactor. 

Another type of reactor using a simple injector is a reactor with a dome type cover.In this case, the injector is installed on the bottom plate of the reactor. Figure 11 shows the typical configuration of this type of reactor. In this case the dome is usually heated to a proper temperature by a separate heater to prevent precursor condensation on it. It is rather difficult to expect uniform deposition of a thin film from this asymmetrical gas injection geometry. However, it has actually been proved that good thickness and compositional uniformity are obtained over the 8 wafer surface for Ta O thin films. Figure 12 shows the typical variation in thickness of a Ta O thin film using this reactor. 

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