Junctional diversity

Designed elastic model proteins exhibit diverse Junctions that mimic biological functions by diverse means of controlling association of oillike domains. As a result, five experimentally derived axioms phenomenologically categorize means by which energy conversions occur through control of association of oil-like domains. 

Steroids (1) are members of a large class of lipid compounds called terpenes that are biogenicaHy derived from the same parent compound, isoprene, C Hg Steroids contain or are derived from the perhydro-l,2-cyclopentenophenanthrene ring system (1) and are found in a variety of different marine, terrestrial, and synthetic sources. The vast diversity of the natural and synthetic members of this class depends on variations in side-chain substitution (primarily at C17), degree of unsaturation, degree and nature of oxidation, and the stereochemical relationships at the ring junctions. 

The VoJa and VpDpJp regions correspond to the CDR loops. Nucleotides can also be added or deleted from the junctions, adding further amino acid sequence diversity. 

Fyn is a nonreceptor tyrosine kinase related to Src that is frequently found in cell junctions. Die protein is N-myristoylated and palmitoylated and thereby becomes associated with caveolae-like membrane microdomains. Fyn can interact with a variety of other signaling molecules and control a diversity of biological processes such as T cell receptor signaling, regulation of brain function, and adhesion mediated signaling. 

Bioelectrochemistry is a science at the junction of many other sciences electrochemistry, biophysics, biochemistry, electrophysiology, and others. The biological systems are extremely diverse in their constitution and detailed mechanism of functioning each system has its own specific morphological and physiological features. In contrast to electrophysiology, bioelectrochemistry is concerned only with the... 

Turkey is one of the unique countries in the world having three different climates, namely continental, mediterrenean and oceanic climates [3]. Turkey is also at the junction of three geographical regions for the plants, mainly Euro-Siberian in North Anatolia, Irano-Turanian in Central and East Anatolia, Mediterrenean in West and South Anatolia. All these properties contribute to the richness and diversity of the flora in Turkey with over 10,000 taxa in 173 families and 1,225 genera [4-7]. There are 15 endemic genera and over 2,650 endemic species. Endemism ratio is around 30%, however it is higher in certain families, such as Scrophulariaceae (52%), Campanulaceae (49%), Lamiaceae (=Labiatae) (44%), Asteraceae (=Compositae) (38%), and even in some particular species, the ratio reach 80-100%, such as Ebenus (100%), Verbascum (80%), Sideritis (78%) [7]. 

Various diverse systems qualify as gels if one assumes that in these systems the common features are the solid-like behavior and the presence of a continuous structure of macroscopic nature (6,7). For the purpose of the discussion in this paper, we describe a gel as a colloidal system comprised of a dispersed component and a dispersion medium both of which the junction points are formed by covalent bonds, secondary valence bonds, or long range attractive forces that cause association between segments of polymer chains or formation of crystalline regions which have essentially infinite life time (8). 

The isopeptide bond between Ub and other proteins can be hydrolyzed there are multiple, ATP-independent proteases (the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae has at least 20 of them) whose common property is the ability to recognize Ub moiety and cleave at the Ub-adduct junction. One cause of the striking multiplicity of these deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) (17) is the diversity of their targets, which include linear (DNA-encoded) Ub fusions, Ub adducts with small nucleophiles such as glutathione, and also free and substrate-linked multi-Ub chains. 

A quite large, diverse group of substances can affect skeletal muscle by acting both at the level of neuromuscular junctions as well as at various levels of the spinal cord and brain stem. A few of them influence transmission of nerve impulses at neuromuscular contacts and are capable of paralyzing skeletal muscle. They are used mainly as adjuvant snb-stances in anesthesia during minor surgical interventions. 

Part IV Natural product diversity at Junctional level... 

Many phenomena such as dislocations, electronic structures of polyacetylenes and other solids, Josephson junctions, spin dynamics and charge density waves in low-dimensional solids, fast ion conduction and phase transitions are being explained by invoking the concept of solitons. Solitons are exact analytical solutions of non-linear wave equations corresponding to bell-shaped or step-like changes in the variable (Ogurtani, 1983). They can move through a material with constant amplitude and velocity or remain stationary when two of them collide they are unmodified. The soliton concept has been employed in solid state chemistry to explain diverse phenomena. 

The next issue to discuss is the diversity of connexins, i.e. the various isoforms, and species variability. Gap junctional channels exist in a broad variety of tissues including the heart, vascular system, brain, epithelial tissues, uterus, lens cells, pancreas and kidney. However, these tissues are connected by different isoforms of gap junctional connexins which can be distinguished with regard to their molecular weight. These differences are mainly due to various lengths of the C-terminal loop. 

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